{"id":5340,"date":"2023-10-02T20:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-02T18:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/?p=5340"},"modified":"2026-10-11T23:39:59","modified_gmt":"2026-10-11T21:39:59","slug":"la-tutela-penale-della-bandiera-dellunione-europea-considerazioni-critiche-sulla-sentenza-n-30510-2023-della-corte-di-cassazione","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/la-tutela-penale-della-bandiera-dellunione-europea-considerazioni-critiche-sulla-sentenza-n-30510-2023-della-corte-di-cassazione\/","title":{"rendered":"La tutela penale della bandiera dell\u2019Unione europea. Considerazioni critiche sulla sentenza n. 30510\/2023 della Corte di Cassazione"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 10.75pt;\">Sommario: 1. Considerazioni introduttive e piano del lavoro &ndash; 2. Cenni al regime della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione. &ndash; 3. La tutela penale della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;ordinamento italiano. &ndash; 4. La vicenda e il giudizio di primo grado dinanzi al Tribunale di Biella. &ndash; 5. La pronuncia della Corte di Cassazione. &ndash; 6. Le ragioni di una critica in profondit&agrave; della sentenza. &ndash; 7. L&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera negli ordinamenti degli altri Stati membri dell&rsquo;Unione. &#8211; 8. Per una norma incriminatrice dell&rsquo; offesa alla bandiera europea: prospettive de iure condendo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1. Considerazioni introduttive e piano del lavoro<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9pt;\">La sentenza 6 aprile 2023 (depositata il successivo 13 luglio), n. 30510, emessa dalla prima sezione penale della Corte di Cassazione1, in tema di offesa alla bandiera europea, ai sensi dell&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., merita un&rsquo;approfondita analisi sia per la novit&agrave; della questione esaminata dalla Suprema Corte sia per le motivazioni sulla base delle quali il Collegio ha respinto il ricorso, condannando il ricorrente alle spese processuali. Infatti, le scarne motivazioni della Cassazione vanno valutate, per un verso, in ordine alla configurazione giuridica dell&rsquo;Unione europea in rapporto ai suoi Stati membri, quale risulta dalla pronuncia e, per altro verso, in relazione al mancato apprezzamento da parte dei giudici tanto della condizione di procedibilit&agrave;, prevista<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">*<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Professore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ordinario<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">f.r.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Universit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Roma<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ldquo;La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sapienza&rdquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Nella decisione in esame la Prima Sezione Penale era cos&igrave; composta: Monica Boni, Presidente, Domenico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Fiordalisi, rel. Consigliere, Giorgio Poscia, Marco Monaco, Maria Elena Mele, Consiglieri; Pubblico Ministero<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Piergiorgio Morosini, Sostituto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Procuratore.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">(apparentemente, come si spiegher&agrave; oltre3 della bandiera nazionale (art. 292 c.p.) e, dall&rsquo;altro, alla protezione riconosciuta alle bandiere degli Stati esteri (art. 299 c.p.), disposizioni entrambe menzionate nella sentenza della Corte di Cassazione oggetto di esame. Inoltre, dopo aver valutato criticamente la detta pronuncia, si offrir&agrave; al lettore una indagine comparata sulla tutela penale di cui gode (o meno) la bandiera europea negli ordinamenti degli altri 26 Stati membri dell&rsquo;Unionede iure condendo nell&rsquo;ottica della previsione di una norma incriminatrice dell&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera europea.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">2. Cenni al regime della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">Come anticipato, prima di focalizzare l&rsquo;attenzione sull&rsquo;ordinamento italiano e sull&rsquo;esistenza di una tutela penale per la bandiera europea, &egrave; necessario analizzarne la base giuridica nell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione. Ora, la bandiera con il cerchio di dodici stelle dorate a cinque punte che non si toccano su campo blu, come si &egrave; ricostruito in altra sede6, ben prima della sua adozione, nel 1986, da parte della Comunit&agrave; economica europea. Nonostante che il Consiglio d&rsquo;Europa avesse auspicato che le altre organizzazioni europee scegliessero emblemi analoghi, nei quali inserissero un proprio simbolo all&rsquo;interno del cerchio di stelle, ed in tal senso si era rivolto, il 20 dicembre 1955, al presidente<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">2<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">infra<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">par.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">6.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Ovviamente esula dal presente lavoro la questione della tutela della bandiera europea sotto il profilo della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">propriet&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">intellettuale.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">In<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">proposito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rinvia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">URTI<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IALDINO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">simboli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europea.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bandiera-Inno-<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Motto-Moneta-Giornata<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Roma, 2005, spec. pp. 72-75. In generale v., A. P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">EYRO <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LOPIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Le r&eacute;gime applicable &agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;embl&egrave;me des organisations internationales<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Annuaire fran&ccedil;ais de droit international<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2005, pp. 515-534. V.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pure, l&rsquo;accordo amministrativo con il Consiglio d&rsquo;Europa relativo all&rsquo;utilizzo dell&rsquo;emblema europeo da parte di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">terzi,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">G.U.U.E<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2012,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">271, p. 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">4<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">limiti,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">beninteso,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">indagine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">possa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">essere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">svolta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">da<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">singolo ricercatore.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">5<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> C. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">URTI <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IALDINO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I simboli dell&rsquo;Unione europea. Bandiera-Inno-Motto-Moneta-Giornata<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, cit., spec. pp. 19-<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">97; I<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Simboli dell&rsquo;Unione europea <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(2007), in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Dizionario storico dell&rsquo;Unione europea <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Dizie.eu<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">), diretto da P.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Craveri,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">U. Morelli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e G. Quagliarello.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">6<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Dopo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lavori<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">preparatori,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">durati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pi&ugrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anni,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comitato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Ministri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">adott&ograve;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">risoluzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(55)32,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">approvata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;8 dicembre 1955, e la bandiera fu presentata alla stampa in occasione della riunione del Comitato dei Ministri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tenuta il successivo 13 dicembre a Parigi. Alla presenza dei Ministri degli Esteri degli Stati membri, il presidente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del Comitato, l&rsquo;irlandese Liam Cosgrave precis&ograve; che &laquo;le Conseil d&rsquo;Europe est repr&eacute;sent&eacute; dans cet embl&egrave;me sous<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">forme<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cercle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ferm&eacute;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;&eacute;toiles.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Ces<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&eacute;toiles<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ne<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">repr&eacute;sentent<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pays,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&Eacute;tats,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">races.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Leur<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nombre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">restera invariable: douze est le symbole de la perfection et de la pl&eacute;nitude, comme l&rsquo;union de nos peuples devrait<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ecirc;tre&raquo;. Nel dotarsi di una propria bandiera, il Consiglio d&rsquo;Europa non faceva che seguire l&rsquo;esempio di altri enti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">internazionali, in particolare l&rsquo;ONU e la NATO. Invero, dal possesso della personalit&agrave; giuridica internazionale in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">capo agli enti internazionali discende il diritto soggettivo (o assoluto), come per gli Stati (e per gli enti territoriali<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">diversi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dagli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stabilire<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">erga<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">omnes<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">modo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">esclusivo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">preclusivo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">distintivi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">propria<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">identit&agrave;,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in primis<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, l&rsquo;emblema e la bandiera), cio&egrave; i segni esteriori della detta personalit&agrave;, atti a differenziarla da altri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">soggetti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">dell&rsquo;Alta Autorit&agrave; della CECA, Ren&eacute; Mayer e, il 10 giugno 1959, al presidente della Commissione CEE, Walter Hallstein ed a quello della Commissione Euratom, Etienne Hirsh, le sollecitazioni caddero nel vuoto. La CECA, in particolare, proclamandosi sopranazionale ed aspirando ad una federazione, non volle confondere il proprio segno distintivo con quello di una organizzazione tipicamente intergovernativa quale il Consiglio d&rsquo;Europa e adott&ograve; una propria bandiera.<br \/>\nSolo negli anni&rsquo;80 del Novecento, su impulso del Parlamento europeo 8, tenuto conto della proposta avanzata dal Comitato Adonnino10 delle allora quattro istituzioni comunitarie, si arriv&ograve; all&rsquo;adozione della bandiera. Il Consiglio dei Ministri &ldquo;Affari Esteri&rdquo;, riunitosi il 22 aprile 1986, prese atto della dichiarazione fatta dal proprio presidente, Hans van den Broek, secondo cui il Consiglio avrebbe adottato la bandiera e l&rsquo;emblema della Comunit&agrave;, conformemente alla posizione assunta dalle altre istituzioni (Parlamento, Commissione e Corte di giustizia). Conseguentemente, la bandiera, assolutamente identica a quella del Consiglio d&rsquo;Europa, per la prima volta fu issata, a mezzogiorno del 29 maggio 1986, su un tredicesimopro-tempore del Consiglio13.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">7<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Risoluzione adottata l&rsquo;11 aprile 1983 (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">G.U.C.E<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">., 1983, C128, p. 18), che proponeva l&rsquo;adozione della bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Consiglio d&rsquo;Europa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">8<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Agence<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Europe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">20-21 febbraio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1984,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">14<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">9<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comitato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ad<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">hoc<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;Europa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cittadini,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">detto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comitato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Adonnino,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nome<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">suo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presidente,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;europarlamentare Pietro Adonnino, fu istituito dal Consiglio europeo di Fontainebleau del 25-26 giugno 1984.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Nella sua seconda relazione al Consiglio europeo, trasmessa, il 20 giugno 1985, a Bettino Craxi, presidente <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">tempore <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del Consiglio delle Comunit&agrave; europee, il Comitato convenne con l&rsquo;idea del Parlamento europeo, ma per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">evitare confusione tra i due enti, sugger&igrave; di apporre al centro della bandiera una E (o meglio una epsilon) dorata.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">proposta fu<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">approvata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Consiglio europeo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Milano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del giugno 1985.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">10<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> L&rsquo;italiano Enrico Vinci per il Parlamento europeo, il danese Niels Ersb&oslash;ll per il Consiglio, il francese &Eacute;mile<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">No&euml;l<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Commissione ed<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">britannico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Paul<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Heim,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cancelliere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giustizia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">11<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tempo gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">membri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">erano 12.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">12<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Si trattava di Pierre Pflimlin, presidente del Parlamento, di Jacques Delors, presidente della Commissione e del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rappresentante<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">permanente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Paesi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bassi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comunit&agrave;,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ambasciatore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">H.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">J.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Charles<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Rutten,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rappresentanza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del presidente <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pro-tempore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Consiglio, il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ministro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">degli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Esteri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Hans<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">van<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">den<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Broek.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">13<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Telex del Cancelliere Paul Heim al Segretario generale della Commissione Emile Noel. Al riguardo v. P.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OLLOWALD<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">&ldquo;Trajectoire&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Strasbourg-Luxembourg-Bruxelles<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">F.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ASSETTO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UMOULIN<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Naissance<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">et<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">A seguire, la questione dei simboli fu presa in esame dalla Convenzione sul futuro dell&rsquo;Europa, che adott&ograve;, il 13 giugno 2003, il progetto di trattato che istituisce una Costituzione per l&rsquo;Europa15. Vi si legge, al primo comma, che la bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione rappresenta un cerchio di dodici stelle dorate su sfondo blu17 del Trattato che adotta una Costituzione per l&rsquo;Europa, firmato a Roma il 29 ottobre 2004; tuttavia, l&rsquo;accordo, bocciato, come noto, in via referendaria in Francia e nei Paesi Bassi, non entr&ograve; mai in vigore19.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&eacute;veloppement de l&rsquo;information europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Actes des Journ&eacute;es d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes de Louvain-la-Neuve des 22 mai et 14<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">novembre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1990,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Berne,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1993,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp. 47-48.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">14<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Il progetto fu presentato al Consiglio europeo, riunito a Salonicco il 20 giugno 2003. Dopo l&rsquo;ultima revisione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">formale (10 luglio 2003), il progetto fu consegnato al presidente <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pro-tempore <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del Consiglio europeo, Silvio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Berlusconi, a Roma, il 18 luglio 2003, a nome della Convenzione, dal presidente Valery Giscard d&rsquo;Estaing, che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">era<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">accompagnato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dai due<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vicepresidenti, Giuliano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Amato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Jean-Luc Dehaene.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">15<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> In un primo tempo collocato nella parte I, dedicata alla &laquo;Definizione e obiettivi dell&rsquo;Unione&raquo;, e poi inserito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">VI-<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della parte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">IV, concernente le &laquo;disposizioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">generali e finali&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">16<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Ad attirare l&rsquo;attenzione della Convenzione sui simboli fu la proposta, presentata in seduta plenaria il 9 luglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2003 da sei convenzionali, volta ad inserire un articolo nella parte III del progetto, rubricata &laquo;le politiche e il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">funzionamento dell&rsquo;Unione&raquo;. La proposta, che il 9 luglio 2003, con leggere modifiche formali, era stata inserita<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">come<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">art. IV-0, divenne,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla fine,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nel testo consegnato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">18<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">successivo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;art. IV-1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">17<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> L&rsquo;art. I-8 sanciva che &laquo;La bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione rappresenta un cerchio di dodici stelle dorate su sfondo blu.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L&rsquo;inno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tratto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dall&rsquo;Inno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gioia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Nona<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sinfonia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Ludwig<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">van<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Beethoven.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">motto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave; &lsquo;Unita nella diversit&agrave;&rsquo;. La moneta dell&rsquo;Unione &egrave; l&rsquo;euro. La giornata dell&rsquo;Europa &egrave; celebrata il 9 maggio in tutta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;Unione&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">18<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> O. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ATEOS DE <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ABO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Los signos de la identidad europea: Los simbolos politicos de la Union Europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in E.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LVAREZ <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ONDE <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e V. G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARRIDO <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">AYOL <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(dir.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Comentarios a la Constitucion Europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Valencia, 2004, libro I,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp. 163-195; C. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">URTI <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IALDINO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La Costituzione europea. Genesi-Natura-Struttura-Contenuto<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Roma, 2005,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec. pp. 73-77; C.E. G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UDIN<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art. I-8<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in L. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">URGORGUE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">-L<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARSEN<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, A. L<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">EVADE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, F. P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ICOD <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(dir.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Trait&eacute; &eacute;tablissant<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">une<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Constitution<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pour<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Europe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Parties<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">4,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Architecture<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">constitutionnelle,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bruxelles,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2007,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">125-<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">128.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">19<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Come sopra ricordato, il Parlamento europeo, almeno dagli anni &rsquo;80 del Novecento, si &egrave; prodigato per la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">promozione dei simboli dell&rsquo;Unione. Ebbene, nella seduta dell&rsquo;8 ottobre 2008, con 503 voti a favore, 96 contrari<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e 15 astensioni, ha inserito una disposizione nel proprio regolamento interno, attualmente figurante all&rsquo;art. 238,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rubricato &laquo;Simboli dell&rsquo;Unione&raquo;, che apre il titolo XIV, dedicato alle &laquo;Disposizioni varie&raquo;. Vi si stabilisce,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anzitutto, al par. 1, che il Parlamento &laquo;riconosce e fa suoi i seguenti simboli dell&rsquo;Unione: &#8211; la bandiera con un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cerchio di dodici stelle dorate su fondo blu (<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">omissis<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">)&raquo;. Vi si precisa, inoltre, al par. 3, che &laquo;la bandiera &egrave; esposta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in tutti i locali del Parlamento in occasione di eventi ufficiali. La bandiera &egrave; utilizzata in ogni sala di riunione del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Parlamento&raquo;. Infine, ai sensi del par. 6, l&rsquo;Ufficio di presidenza del Parlamento &laquo;valuta ulteriori utilizzazioni dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli all&rsquo;interno del Parlamento&raquo; nonch&eacute; &laquo;stabilisce disposizioni dettagliate per l&rsquo;attuazione del presente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">articolo&raquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">proposito,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ILLER<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">European<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Union<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Symbols<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">their<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Adoption<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">by<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">European<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Parliament<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">House<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Commons<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Library,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">International<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Affairs<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Defence<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Section,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">22<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ottobre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2008).<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Disposizioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">largamente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">coincidenti con quella appena richiamata, e tra loro identiche, sono dettate, rispettivamente, dall&rsquo;art. 114 del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">regolamento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">interno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comitato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">economico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sociale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europeo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dall&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">30<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">regolamento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">interno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comitato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle Regioni. Sebbene non abbiano inserito disposizioni analoghe nei propri regolamenti interni, anche le altre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">istituzioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">organismi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">attuano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;interno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(ed<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;esterno)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">loro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">edifici<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">coincidente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ldquo;politica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiere&rdquo;.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">disposizioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">appena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">richiamate,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rientrano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nell&rsquo;autonomia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">organizzativa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">interna<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ciascuna<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">istituzione, organo ed organismo dell&rsquo;Unione, non esercitano, beninteso, alcuna influenza sugli ordinamenti interni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">degli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">membri, compresi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quelli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">essi, o i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">loro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">servizi, hanno sede.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">Ad ogni buon conto, nell&rsquo;atto finale della conferenza intergovernativa in esito alla quale fu adottato il trattato di Lisbona figura allegata, tra le dichiarazioni &laquo;di Stati membri&raquo;, la n. 52 sui simboli dell&rsquo;Unione21, i quali, ad eccezione del Portogallo, avevano ratificato il trattato che adotta una Costituzione per l&rsquo;Europa, vi affermano che, &laquo;per essi&raquo;23. Macron aveva annunciato questa intenzione in occasione di una conferenza sull&rsquo;Europa all&rsquo;Universit&agrave; Goethe di Francoforte25.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">20<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> C-&Eacute; G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UDIN<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La suppression de la r&eacute;f&eacute;rence aux symboles de l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Revue des affaires<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;ennes<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2007-2008,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">299-304;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Z.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RODECKI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ISZKE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">-N<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OWAKOWSKA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">meaning<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">symbols<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the legal culture of modern Europe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Gda\u0144skie Studia Prawnicze<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2015, pp. 83-95; S. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">remarques concernant la d&eacute;claration n&deg; 52 sur les symboles de l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Annuaire de droit de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2020, pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">43-89.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">21<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Austria,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Belgio,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bulgaria,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Cipro,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Germania,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Grecia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Italia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Lituania,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Lussemburgo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Malta,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Portogallo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Romania,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Slovenia, Slovacchia, Spagna e Ungheria. Mancano, tra gli Stati fondatori delle Comunit&agrave;, i due (Francia e Paesi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bassi)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in cui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">venne<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bocciato,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in via<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">referendaria,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">trattato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">adotta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Costituzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;Europa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2004,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">conteneva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">disposizione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">In<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">particolare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">va<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">segnalato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">forse<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">prima<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">volta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dalla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">crisi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sedia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vuota (1965-1966), la coppia franco-tedesca si &egrave; divisa. Non &egrave; poi presente tra gli autori della dichiarazione il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Regno Unito, i cui rappresentanti si opposero ai simboli sia durante la Convenzione sul futuro dell&rsquo;Europa sia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">durante<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la CIG che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">predispose<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">trattato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Lisbona<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2007.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">22<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sull&rsquo;interpretazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">locuzione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">remarques<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">concernant<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&eacute;claration<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">n&deg;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">52<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">sur<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">les<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">symboles<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Union<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">84-85, con puntuali comparazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">filologiche.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">23<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Vale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ricordare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nel<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dibattito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">parlamentare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">francese<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">occasione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ratifica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">trattato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Lisbona<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">venne chiesto al Governo di unirsi alla dichiarazione. Si deve segnalare, inoltre, l&rsquo;ulteriore sollecitazione dell&rsquo;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ex<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presidente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Val&eacute;ry<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Giscard<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;Estaing,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">formulata,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">16<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2008,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nel<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">corso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;audizione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">davanti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Commissione Affari Esteri dell&rsquo;Assemblea nazionale, riunita congiuntamente alla Delegazione per l&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">24<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Macron, sollecitato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal presidente del Movimento europeo-Francia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Yves Bertoncini (v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Y. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ERTONCINI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Drapeau<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;en:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">France<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reconna&icirc;tre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">les<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">symboles<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Union<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EURACTIV.fr<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">10<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ottobre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2017)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aveva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">affermato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;Au<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">moment<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o&ugrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">certains<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">en<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">France<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ont<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&eacute;bats<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o&ugrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">on<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">se<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">r&eacute;tr&eacute;cit<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">et<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">voudraient<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">enlever<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">drapeau<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europ&eacute;en,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">je<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">veux<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vous<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dire<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">que<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lors<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">du<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">prochain<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Conseil<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europ&eacute;en<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(19-20<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ottobre,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">NdA),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">j&rsquo;affirmerai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">officiellement que la France reconna&icirc;t le statut de l&rsquo;hymne europ&eacute;en et du drapeau europ&eacute;en, ce qui ne permettra<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pas &agrave; certains d&rsquo;enlever le drapeau europ&eacute;en de l&rsquo;h&eacute;micycle fran&ccedil;ais ou de tout autre lieu &raquo; (J.-B. F<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RAN&Ccedil;OIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Drapeau<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;en:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pourquoi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Emmanuel<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Macron<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">veut-il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">&laquo;reconna&icirc;tre<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&raquo;&thinsp;?,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Croix<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">11<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ottobre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2017).<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Macron,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si riferiva alle discussioni allora in corso all&rsquo;Assemblea nazionale con riguardo alla proposta di legge presentata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal partito <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">France Insoumise <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di togliere dall&rsquo;emiciclo la bandiera europea e di consentire, oltre al tricolore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(presente dal 2007, per iniziativa dell&rsquo;allora presidente dell&rsquo;Assemblea J.-L- Debr&eacute;), soltanto la bandiera delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Nazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Unite.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">25<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> &laquo;Enfin, je suis tr&egrave;s heureux, &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion de ce Conseil europ&eacute;en, l&agrave; o&ugrave; plusieurs cherchent aujourd&rsquo;hui &agrave; cr&eacute;er<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des divisions, un repli fran&ccedil;ais, de r&eacute;affirmer l&rsquo;attachement de la France au drapeau et &agrave; l&rsquo;hymne europ&eacute;en&raquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">D&eacute;claration du Pr&eacute;sident de la R&eacute;publique &agrave; son arriv&eacute;e au Conseil europ&eacute;en<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 19 ottobre 2017). In Francia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">comunque,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">assistito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ad<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">uno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spettacolare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rilancio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simbolica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">partire<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">13<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2007, a poche ore dalla festa nazionale della Francia, quando la bandiera europea &egrave; stata issata, accanto a quella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nazionale, sul <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Quai d&rsquo;Orsay<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">. Poi, ha fatto la sua comparsa, come novit&agrave; assoluta, nella fotografia di Stato dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presidenti Sarkozy, Hollande e Macron. Inoltre, con l&rsquo;Inno alla gioia &egrave; stata chiusa la sfilata del 14 luglio 2007 e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">accompagnato il percorso solitario di Macron nella corte dell&rsquo;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ex <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">palazzo reale la sera dell&rsquo;8 maggio 2017 e,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nuovamente, il 24 aprile 2022, in occasione del percorso di Macron, insieme alla consorte e ad una trentina di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giovani,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Campo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Marte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">piramide<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Louvre.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Senza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dimenticare,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">beninteso,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">medesimo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Inno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gioia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cantato ed eseguito dal Coro e dall&rsquo;Orchestra di Parigi, diretto da Daniel Barenbo&iuml;m, in occasione dell&rsquo;investitura<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di Fran&ccedil;ois Mitterand, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Place du Panth&eacute;on<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, il 21 maggio 1981, vale a dire ben cinque anni prima della sua<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">consacrazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">come inno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle Comunit&agrave;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">Quanto allo 26, delle opinioni concordi della dottrina pi&ugrave; autorevole in tema di dichiarazioni allegate agli atti finali delle conferenze intergovernative28, che essa sia sfornita di valore normativo, essendo piuttosto espressione di un mero impegno politico. Certamente le dichiarazioni, in applicazione del principio 29. Questo non toglie che ad esse possa essere riconosciuta una &laquo;valenza interpretativa&raquo;, conformemente alla regola dettata dall&rsquo;art. art. 31, par. 2, lett. b) della Convenzione di Vienna sul diritto dei trattati del 23 maggio 1969, secondo il quale disposto le dichiarazioni formulate dalle parti di un trattato rientrano fra le basi interpretative del trattato stesso, in quanto fanno parte del &laquo;contesto&raquo; dell&rsquo;accordo in occasione della cui adozione sono state formulate30.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">26<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Trib.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">UE,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">7<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giugno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2001,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Agrana<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Zucker<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">und<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">St&auml;rke<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">c.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commissione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">T-187\/99,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ECLI:EU:T:2001:149;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Corte giust.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ord. 5<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">novembre 2002,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Agrana<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Zucker und<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">St&auml;rke c.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commissione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, C-321\/01P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:635.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">27<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dichiarazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">allegate<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">trattati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">istitutivi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">hanno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">costantemente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">attirato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;attenzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dottrina.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">senza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pretese<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">completezza,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L.M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ENTIVOGLIO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">all&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">239<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">CEE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">R. Q<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UADRI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, R. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ONACO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, A.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">T<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RABUCCHI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Trattato istitutivo della Comunit&agrave; economica europea, Commentario<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Milano, 1965, vol. III, pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1737-1738; G. T<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OTH<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The legal status of the Declarations annexed to the Single European Act<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Common Market<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Law<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Review<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1986,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">803-812;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">U.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RAETTA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">rilevanza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">giuridica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">dichiarazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">allegate<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">all&rsquo;Atto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">unico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">adottate dalla conferenza: profili giuridici e istituzionali<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Jus, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1992, pp. 147-150; &Epsilon;&upsilon;&rho;&upsilon;&gamma;\u03ad&nu;&eta;&sigmaf; &Delta;. &Iota;., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">R&eacute;flexions<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">th&eacute;oriques<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">sur<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">D&eacute;claration<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">commune<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">concernant<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Month<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Athos<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">T<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ACHIAOS<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A.-E.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">N.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(ed.),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Mount<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Athos<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">European<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Community<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Thessaloniki,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1993,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">13-17;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">R<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ESS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">legal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">nature<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">joint<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">declarations<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">general<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and of joint declarations annexed to the European Community Treaties in particular<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ivi<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, pp. 19-45; S. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARIATTI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commento all&rsquo;art. 311 TCE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in A. T<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IZZANO <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(a cura di), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Trattati dell&rsquo;Unione europea e della Comunit&agrave; europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Milano, 2004, p. 312; C. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ART&Iacute;NEZ <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">APDEVILA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Las declaraciones en el derecho comunitario: estudio de las<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">declaraciones a los tratados y al derecho derivado<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Madrid, 2005; V. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ONSTANTINESCO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Les protocoles et<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&eacute;clarations annex&eacute;es au projet de Trait&eacute; instituant une Constitution pour l&rsquo;Europe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in V. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ONSTANTINESCO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Y.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">AUTIER<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ICHEL<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Trait&eacute;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">&eacute;tablissant<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">une<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Constitution<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pour<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Europe.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Analyses<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">et<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">commentaires<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bruxelles,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2005, pp. 313-316; S. P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LATON<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">, Le r&ocirc;le des protocoles et d&eacute;clarations dans le Trait&eacute; de Lisbonne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Politeia<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, n&deg;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">13, juin<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2008, pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">465-489;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">D.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OOS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">51<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">TUE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C.-O.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ENZ<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">K.-D.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ORCHARDT<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EU-Vertr&auml;ge:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Kommentar <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">nach dem Vertrag von Lissabon<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, K&ouml;ln, Wien, IV ed., 2010, p. 282; S. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARBOU DES <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LACES <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(dir), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Aux marges du<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">trait&eacute;. D&eacute;clarations, protocoles et annexes aux trait&eacute;s europ&eacute;ennes<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Actes de la journ&eacute;e d&#8217;&eacute;tudes organis&eacute;e par le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">CRUCE,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Facult&eacute;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Droit<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&#8217;Amiens,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">18<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">septembre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2009,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bruxelles,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2011;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARTOLI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">all&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">51<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">TUE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in C. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">URTI <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IALDINO <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(diretto da), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Codice dell&rsquo;Unione europea operativo. TUE e TFUE commentati articolo per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">articolo, con la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell&rsquo;Unione europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Napoli, 2012, pp. 409-410; P. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ADEIRA<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">F<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ROUFE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art. 51 TUE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in M. L<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OPES <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ORTO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, G. A<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">NAST&Aacute;CIA <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(coord.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Tratado de Lisboa. Anotado e Comentado<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Coimbra,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2012,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">190-191;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">R.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">DAM<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">all&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">51<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">TUE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">T<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IZZANO<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cura<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Trattati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">II<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ed.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Milano,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2014,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">345;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">J.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OKOTT<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">51.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Protokolle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">als<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Vertragsbestandteile<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">R.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">TREINZ<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(dir.),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EUV\/AEUV<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Kommentar<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Munich, 3<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ed., 2018,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n. 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri'; font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">28<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves remarques concernant la d&eacute;claration n&deg; 52 sur les symboles de l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit., spec., pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">74-82.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">29<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> A meno di non voler attribuire natura consuetudinaria al regime della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;ordinamento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ipotesi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">difficilmente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">concepibile,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">invocare,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riguardo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">principio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">leale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cooperazione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sancito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dall&rsquo;art. 4, par. 3 TUE, questione, nella specie, altrettanto opinabile, se non altro perch&eacute;, comunque, dieci Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">membri sono rimasti tuttora estranei alla dichiarazione n. 52. Entrambe le ipotesi sono discusse (sia pure senza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">grande convinzione) da S. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves remarques concernant la d&eacute;claration n&deg; 52 sur les symboles de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit., spec., pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">80-82.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">30<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Sulla giurisprudenza della Corte e del Tribunale con riguardo alla valenza delle dichiarazioni allegate all&rsquo;atto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">finale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">conferenze<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">esito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quali<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sono<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">adottati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">trattati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">originari<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quelli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">modificativi,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ENLOLO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&#8211;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARABOT<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">statut<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">contentieux<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">annexes<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARBOU<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">DES<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LACES <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(dir.),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Aux<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">marges<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">du<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">trait&eacute;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">80-85,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">88-90, 92-93.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">Ci&ograve; detto, va sottolineato che la dichiarazione n. 52, a differenza di altre pure allegate all&rsquo;atto finale, non si riferisce ad alcuna disposizione dei trattati e, quindi, non sembra nemmeno possa aver costituito, sia per i sedici Stati membri che l&rsquo;hanno formulata sia per gli altri dodici Stati membri, una condizione per il formarsi del loro consenso alla conclusione del trattato cui la dichiarazione si accompagna32 . Quanto alla modalit&agrave; seguita, elementi utili possono essere tratti dalla dichiarazione sulla cittadinanza di uno Stato membro, allegata all&rsquo;atto finale della conferenza intergovernativa in esito alla quale &egrave; stato adottato il trattato di Maastricht del 1992. Vi si stabilisce che nel caso in cui gli Stati intendano precisare quali sono le persone che devono essere considerate come propri cittadini ai fini dei trattati, essi vi provvedono &laquo;mediante una dichiarazione presentata alla Presidenza&raquo;. A questa modalit&agrave;, pertanto, pu&ograve; essere assimilato il menzionato messaggio di Macron a Tusk. Nonostante che la lettera, incomprensibilmente, non sia stata resa pubblica34 agli altri sedici Stati membri.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">31<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Ci troviamo di fronte, quindi, ad una situazione diversa da quella concernente la dichiarazione unilaterale del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Regno Unito del 1972, 1982, reiterata nel 2007, n. 63, relativa alla definizione del termine &laquo;cittadini&raquo; che, come<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha precisato la Corte, &laquo;era destinata a chiarire una questione che era particolarmente importante per gli altri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">contraenti&raquo;. Cosicch&eacute; essi &laquo;avevano piena conoscenza del suo contenuto e le condizioni di adesione sono state<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">determinate su tale base. Ne deriva che la dichiarazione del 1972 deve essere presa in considerazione in quanto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">strumento che ha una relazione con il Trattato per l&rsquo;interpretazione di quest&rsquo;ultimo e, pi&ugrave; in particolare, al fine di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">determinare il campo di applicazione ratione personae di quest&rsquo;ultimo&raquo; (Corte giust., sentenza 20 febbraio 2001,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Kaur<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">causa C-192\/99,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ECLI:EU:C:2001:106,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">punti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">23-24).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">32<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Questa possibilit&agrave; &egrave; avanzata, sia pure dubitativamente, da S. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves remarques concernant la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&eacute;claration<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">n&deg;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">52<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">sur<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">les<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">symboles<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Union<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">76-77,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ipotizzando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pure<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">possibilit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">autori<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dichiarazione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">processo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tempo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">possano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">recedere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">da<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">essa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">33<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">richiesta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">accesso,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presentata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Consiglio,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">restata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">senza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">risposta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">34<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Alla decisione di Macron, inoltre, va riconosciuto &ndash; e non &egrave; poco &ndash; di avere esercitato una notevole influenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">politico-simbolica sul piano interno francese. In primo luogo, infatti, l&rsquo;Assemblea nazionale, con la risoluzione n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">35, adottata il 27 novembre 2017, su proposta dei deputati Richard Ferrand e Sabine Thillaye, unitamente ai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">membri del gruppo <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La R&eacute;publique En Marche <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e apparentati, presentata il 3 novembre 2017, vista la decisione n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2004-505 DC del 19 novembre 2004 del Consiglio costituzionale sul trattato che adotta una Costituzione per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;Europa,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aveva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ritenuto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">identici<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fossero<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">conformi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Costituzione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">considerando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;uso della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nelle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cerimonie<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sugli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">edifici<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pubblici<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">disciplinato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dall&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">126<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">decreto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">89-655<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del 13 settembre 1989, relativo alle cerimonie pubbliche, precedenze, onori civili e militari e dalla circolare del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Ministro dell&rsquo;interno 4 maggio 1963, ha reso omaggio all&rsquo;associazione della Francia alla dichiarazione n. 52 e ha<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">incoraggiato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Governo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ad<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">adottare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ogni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">misura<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">volta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">promuovere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">modo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">complementare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a quelli nazionali. In secondo luogo, va rimarcata, da un lato, l&rsquo;utilizzazione dell&rsquo;inno e della bandiera europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">durante<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presidenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Macron,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">continuit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presidenze<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sarkozy<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Hollande.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Dall&rsquo;altro,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">merita<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">segnalazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il progetto di legge, gi&agrave; approvato dall&rsquo;Assemblea nazionale l&rsquo;11 maggio scorso (D. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ASSO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Les d&eacute;put&eacute;s valident<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">le drapeau europ&eacute;en obligatoire devant les mairies sans r&eacute;elle conviction<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EURACTIVE FRANCE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 11 maggio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2023) ed attualmente in discussione al Senato, concernente l&rsquo;imbandieramento delle sedi dei municipi con pi&ugrave; di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1500 abitanti con la bandiera europea posta a destra (chi guarda l&rsquo;edificio la vede a sinistra) della bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nazionale,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quale,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ovviamente,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riservato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">posto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;onore.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">progetto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">via<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">approvazione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tuttavia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fa<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">In conclusione, si pu&ograve; affermare che, nell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione europea, non esiste una robusta disciplina che ne tuteli la bandiera, nonostante che con alcune disposizioni, non di diritto primario, come il regolamento interno del Parlamento europeo, o prive di valore vincolante e neppure unanimi, come la dichiarazione n. 52, si sia tentato di colmare un vuoto, in tal modo, per&ograve;, rendendolo ancor pi&ugrave; macroscopico.<br \/>\nAl riguardo &#8211; e pur con la consapevolezza che ci si muove in acque in gran parte inesplorate &ndash; si potrebbe ritenere che, in materia di utilizzo della bandiera europea negli Stati membri, si sia in presenza di un&rsquo;attitudine sostanzialmente concordante, dal momento che, pure negli Stati membri che non sono tra quelli autori della dichiarazione, si registra la prassi di esposizione della bandiera europea accanto a quella nazionale. Per cui la detta prassi volontaria, non contrastando regole primarie europee e nazionali, pu&ograve; aver avuto l&rsquo;effetto di integrare la manchevolezza di una unanime accettazione della dichiarazione n. 52. La detta constatazione potrebbe, in prospettiva, dare nuova linfa, ai tentativi, per ora essenzialmente tedeschi36. Ben se ne potrebbe far carico il governo italiano, forte della ormai risalente legislazione sull&rsquo;esposizione della bandiera europea accanto a quella nazionale37.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">3. La tutela penale della bandiera nell&rsquo;ordinamento italiano<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">Nell&rsquo;ordinamento italiano, il reato di offesa alla bandiera nazionale 38 risale al primo codice penale dell&rsquo;Italia unita, il Codice Zanardelli, dal nome del Ministro della Giustizia del<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">valenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">obbligatoria<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ad<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">uso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">repubblicano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">molto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">seguito,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">salvo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">comuni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">guidati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Rassemblement<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">national.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">35<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Come<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ricorda<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">remarques<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">concernant<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&eacute;claration<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">n&deg;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">52<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">sur<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">les<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">symboles<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l&rsquo;Union<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit., p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">81,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nota 155.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri'; font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">36<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stupisce che nel progetto di proposte per quanto riguarda la modifica dei trattati (2022\/2051(INL), predisposto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dalla Commissione per gli affari costituzionali del Parlamento europeo (versione del 22 agosto 2023, doc.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">PE746.741v01-00)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">figuri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alcuna disposizione sui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">37<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Il riferimento &egrave; alla legge 5 febbraio 1998, n. 22, recante disposizioni generali sull&rsquo;uso della bandiera della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Repubblica italiana e di quella dell&rsquo;Unione europea. Una disciplina integrativa in merito alle modalit&agrave; di uso e di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">esposizione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle due<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave; stata poi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dettata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal d.P.R. 7<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aprile 2000,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n. 121.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">38<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sul<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">regime<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giuridico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nell&rsquo;ordinamento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">italiano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">DI<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ICO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">vilipendio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ad<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">altro emblema dello Stato<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Annali di Diritto e Procedura Penale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 1934, pp. 977-994; G.B. D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">E <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">AURO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Vilipendio alla bandiera o ad altro emblema dello Stato<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Nuovo digesto italiano<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, vol. XII, 2, Torino, 1940, pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1032-1035; R. Q<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UADRI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bandiera e altri segni distintivi dello Stato<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Novissimo digesto italiano<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, vol. II, Torino<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1958, pp. 268-270; G. R<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ENATO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bandiera a) Diritto pubblico<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Enciclopedia del Diritto<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, vol. V, Milano, 1959,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">38-40;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">E.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ONTIERI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">b)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">penale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ivi<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">40-43;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">R<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">AVERAIRA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bandiera,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pubblico<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Enciclopedia Giuridica Treccani<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, vol. IV, Roma, 1991, pp. 1-5; G. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ANSACCHI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bandiera e altri simboli dello<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Stato<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">II,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Dir. int<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ivi<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Roma,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1988,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1-2;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V., inoltre, sull&rsquo;art. 12 Cost., A. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ASSESE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art. 12<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in G. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RANCA <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(a cura di), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commentario della Costituzione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Principi fondamentali, Art. 1-12<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Bologna-Roma, 1975, pp. 589-591; R. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IN<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art. 12<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in V. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RISAFULLI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, L.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ALADIN <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(a cura di), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commentario breve alla Costituzione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Padova, 1990, pp.76-77; T. G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ROPPI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art. 12<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in R.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IFULCO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, A. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ELOTTO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, M. O<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LIVETTI <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(a cura di), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commentario della Costituzione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, vol. I, Torino, 2006, pp. 307-<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">308;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">I<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bandiera<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ASSESE<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(diretto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">da), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Dizionario<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pubblico<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Milano,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">663-666;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">I<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">12<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in F. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LEMENTI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, L. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UOCOLO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, F. R<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OSA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, G. E. V<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IGEVANI <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(a cura di), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La Costituzione italiana. Commento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">articolo per articolo<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, II ed., Vol. I, Bologna, 2018, pp. 87-90; M. L<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UCIANI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Costituzione italiana: art. 12<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Roma,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2018; F. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ORTESE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La disciplina della bandiera come principio fondamentale: appunti di studio sull&rsquo;art. 12 della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Costituzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">italiana<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ASONATO<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cura<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Lezioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">sui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">principi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">fondamentali<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Costituzione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Torino,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">Re d&rsquo;Italia Umberto I, Giuseppe Zanardelli, promulgato il 30 giugno 1899 ed entrato in vigore il 1&deg; gennaio 1900, un codice di chiara impronta liberale. L&rsquo;art. 115 del Capo I, rubricato &laquo;Dei delitti contro la Patria&raquo;, del Titolo I, &laquo;Dei delitti contro la sicurezza dello Stato&raquo;, disponeva che &laquo;Chiunque per fare atto di disprezzo, toglie, distrugge o sfregia in luogo pubblico o aperto al pubblico la Bandiera o altro emblema dello Stato &egrave; punito con la reclusione da tre a venti mesi&raquo;. Inoltre, nel Capo III, rubricato &laquo;Dei delitti contro gli Stati esteri e i loro capi o rappresentanti&raquo;, l&rsquo;art. 129, ripreso dalla Sezione103 del codice penale germanico, al tempo vigente e riguardante il reato di vilipendio verso i simboli di Stati esteri, stabiliva che &laquo;Chiunque toglie, distrugge o sfregia in luogo pubblico o aperto al pubblico, la Bandiera o emblema di uno Stato estero per fare atto di disprezzo contro lo Stato medesimo &egrave; punito con la detenzione fino ad un anno. Non si procede che a richiesta del Governo dello Stato estero&raquo;. La 39. Nel titolo I, &laquo;Dei delitti contro la personalit&agrave; dello Stato&raquo;, il Capo II, sotto la rubrica &laquo;Delitti contro i poteri dello Stato&raquo;, all&rsquo;art. 292, &laquo;Vilipendio alla Bandiera o altro emblema dello Stato&raquo; dispone che &laquo;Chiunque vilipende la Bandiera italiana o un altro emblema dello Stato &egrave; punito con la reclusione da uno a tre anni&raquo;41.<br \/>\nLa disciplina degli artt. 292 e 299 c.p. &egrave; rimasta inalterata fino alla novella introdotta dall&rsquo;art. 5 della legge 24 febbraio 2006, n. 85, con effetto dal 28 marzo 2006, frutto della proposta d&rsquo;iniziativa dell&rsquo;on. Carolina Lussana della Lega Nord Federazione Padana43. L&rsquo;art. 4 della legge 85\/2006<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2010, pp. 364-367; G. L<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UCHENA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, R. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ANFRELLOTTI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Profili giuridici della bandiera tra modello costituzionale e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ordinamento comunitario<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Diritto Pubblico Europeo Rassegna online<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2017, n. 2, pp. 1-16; F. S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">AVASTANO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">L&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">12<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Costituzione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La Magistratura<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 8<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">agosto 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">39<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">puntuale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ricostruzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di storia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">costituzionale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">passaggio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tra<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Codice<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Zanardelli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ed<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il Codice<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Rocco<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">R<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IDOLFI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&rsquo;opinione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">tra<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">liberale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">fascismo<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Historia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">et<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ius.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Rivista<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">storia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">giuridica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">dell&rsquo;et&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">medievale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e moderna<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">8\/2015, paper<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n. 8,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1-87.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">40<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> In proposito, nella <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Relazione del Guardasigilli al Re <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si legge che &laquo;la bandiera &egrave; il simbolo sacro della Patria, il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">prestigio dello Stato si immedesima nel prestigio della sua bandiera; chi offende la bandiera offende lo Stato in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle pi&ugrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alte manifestazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della sua personalit&agrave;&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">41<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Se la legge straniera non garantisce alla bandiera italiana parit&agrave; di tutela penale &ndash; ai sensi dell&rsquo;ultimo comma<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;art. 300<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si applica la disposizione relativa al furto (art. 624 c.p.) o al danneggiamento (art. 635 c.p.) ma,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">conformemente all&rsquo;art. 64 c.p., aumentando fino a un terzo quella che dovrebbe essere inflitta per il reato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">commesso,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla luce dell&rsquo;elemento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">politico che &egrave; proprio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fatto.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri'; font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">42<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Proposta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legge<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">5490,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presentata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Camera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Deputati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">15<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dicembre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2004.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">43<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sulla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legge<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">85\/2006<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">AMBERINI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">I<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">NSOLERA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Vilipendio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">vecchi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">delitti<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Mai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pi&ugrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">carcere,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ma<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">restano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">le multe.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Scatta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">par<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">condicio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">nella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">tutela<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">confessioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">religiose<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Dir.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">giustizia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp. 92-<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">riscrive l&rsquo;articolo 292 c.p., precisando, in tema di vilipendio o danneggiamento alla bandiera od altro emblema dello Stato, che la condotta &egrave; penalmente rilevante a condizione che il vilipendio sia compiuto &laquo;con espressioni ingiuriose&raquo; o con condotte violente, quali la distruzione, dispersione, deterioramento e imbrattamento45. Nell&rsquo;attuale formulazione dell&rsquo;art. 292, pur conservando il reato natura di delitto, vengono attenuate le pene edittali, con l&rsquo;esclusione della reclusione, salvo che l&rsquo;attentato alla bandiera avvenga pubblicamente, ipotesi in cui, comunque, la pena detentiva scende da tre a due anni.<br \/>\nL&rsquo;art. 5, poi, trasforma in contravvenzione, punita con la sola ammenda, il reato di offesa alla bandiera o ad altro emblema di uno Stato estero, di cui all&rsquo;art. 299 c.p. Anche in questo caso la condotta di vilipendio punibile consiste nelle &laquo;espressioni ingiuriose&raquo;46.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">94; C. V<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ISCONTI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Il legislatore azzeccagarbugli: le &laquo;modifiche in materia di reati di opinione&raquo; introdotte dalla l.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">24 febbraio 2006, n. 85<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Foro italiano<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, n. 6, 2006, cc. 217-224; A. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ASSARO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Modifiche al codice penale in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">materia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">opinione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">(e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">solo):<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">contenuti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">limiti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">l.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">85<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">2006<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Cassazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Penale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">3857&ndash;3868; D. N<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OTARO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Modifiche al codice penale in materia di reati di opinione (l. 24.2.2006 n. 85)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Legislazione Penale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2006, pp. 401&ndash;418; T. P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ADOVANI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Un intervento normativo scoordinato che investe anche i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">delitti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">contro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">lo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Stato<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Guida<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Diritto<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">no.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">14,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.23&ndash;28;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ELISSERO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Osservazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">critiche<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">sulla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">legge<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">tema<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">opinione:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">occasioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">mancate<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">incoerenze<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">sistematiche<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">(II)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Penale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Processo<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1198&ndash;1208;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">I<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Delitti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">contro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">esteri,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">loro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">capi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">loro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">rappresentanti<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ALAZZO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C.E.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ALIERO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Trattato teorico-pratico di diritto penale, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">IV, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Reati contro la personalit&agrave; dello Stato e contro l&rsquo;ordine pubblico<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Torino, 2010,spec. pp. 218-219; D. P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ULITAN&Ograve;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Riforma dei reati d&#8217;opinione? <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Corriere Giuridico<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2006, pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">745&ndash;746. Sui reati di opinione v. F. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ANTOVANI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I reati di opinione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Il Ponte<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 1971, pp. 206-219; C. F<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IORE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati di opinione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Padova, 1972; L. A<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LESIANI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I reati di opinione. Una rilettura in chiave costituzionale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Milano,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006. V., pure, A. D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">I <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IOVINE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I confini della libert&agrave; di manifestazione del pensiero: linee di riflessione teorica e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">profili<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">comparato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">come<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">premessa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ad uno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">studio sui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">opinione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Milano,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1988.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">44<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">PENA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Libert&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">espressione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">opinione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Rivista italiana<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">procedura penale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2007,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">689-738,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec. pp. 728-730.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">45<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Pare evidente che, alla base della novella legislativa, ci fosse la vicenda concernente l&rsquo;on. Umberto Bossi, che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il 25 luglio 1997, nel corso della manifestazione pubblica per la festa della Padania, organizzata dalla Lega Nord<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presso il Palazzetto dello sport di Cabiate, volgendo lo sguardo alla bandiera nazionale esposta sull&rsquo;edificio della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vicina scuola statale, inizi&ograve; il proprio discorso con le seguenti testuali parole: &laquo;quando vedo il tricolore io<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">m&rsquo;incazzo. Il tricolore lo uso soltanto per pulirmi il culo&raquo;. Nel corso del comizio l&rsquo;on. Bossi reiter&ograve; le espressioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">incriminate nei medesimi termini, inserendole nell&rsquo;ambito della critica alla proposta di legge (poi divenuta legge<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">5 febbraio 1998, n. 22, v. i<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">nfra<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">) di esporre su tutti gli edifici pubblici maggiormente rappresentativi la bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nazionale insieme alla bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione europea. Il Tribunale di Como, sezione distaccata di Cant&ugrave;, dichiar&ograve;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;on. Bossi responsabile del reato di vilipendio alla bandiera nazionale (art. 292 c.p.) e, previa concessione delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">attenuanti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">generiche,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">condann&ograve;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quattro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">mesi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reclusione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">benefici<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sospensione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">condizionale della pena e della non menzione nel certificato del casellario giudiziale. Dopo il conflitto tra poteri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dello<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stato,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sollevato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dalla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;Appello<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Milano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">confronti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Parlamento,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aveva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">deliberato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fatti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oggetto del processo concernevano le opinioni espresse da un membro del Parlamento nell&rsquo;esercizio delle sue<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">funzioni, e risolto dalla Corte costituzionale con sentenza 21 giugno 2006, la Corte d&rsquo;Appello di Milano, con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza del 14 novembre 2006, dopo aver escluso, l&rsquo;applicabilit&agrave; degli artt. 9 e 10, lett. b) del Protocollo sulle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">immunit&agrave; e privilegi delle Comunit&agrave; europee, trattandosi di condotte poste in essere dal parlamentare europeo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nello<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">appartenenza,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">confermava<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giudizio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">responsabilit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;imputato.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Tuttavia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">preso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">atto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;entrata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in vigore della legge n. 85\/2006, il cui art. 5 modificava la sanzione per il vilipendio di cui all&rsquo;art. 292 c.p.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rideterminava<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">euro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">300,00<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">multa.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Cassazione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">infine,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">15<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giugno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2007,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">35523,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dopo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aver respinto le doglianze concernenti la sussistenza di un nesso funzionale tra le parole proferite e il dibattito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">politico-parlamentare, di cui costituivano la prosecuzione <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">extra moenia <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;attivit&agrave; parlamentare nonch&eacute; la piena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">correlazione tra l&rsquo;imputazione formulata dall&rsquo;accusa e i fatti di causa, e pure che le espressioni di dileggio e di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">svilimento della bandiera nazionale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rientrassero nella libert&agrave; di manifestazione del pensiero, ha ritenuto tuttavia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sussistenti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presupposti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">revoca<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">diritto,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sensi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">168<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c.p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sospensione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">condizionale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">concessa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;Appello,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">annullata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">senza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rinvio,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">limitatamente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">profilo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">46<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> La coerenza di questo impianto e, soprattutto, la proporzionalit&agrave; delle sanzioni, andr&agrave; esaminata alla luce della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">recente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">8<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giugno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2023<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quinta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sezione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">diritti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;uomo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">causa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Fragoso<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.1pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Per quanto riguarda, ancora, l&rsquo;offesa a bandiera di Stato estero, la riforma del 2006 ha derubricato il reato da delitto (punibileda sei mesi a tre anni) a mera contravvenzione punibile con l&rsquo;ammenda da euro 100 a euro 1000. Ne risulta quindi una sanzione insignificante, potendosi anche applicare l&rsquo;oblazione 47.<br \/>\nInfine, resta ferma, per l&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., la condizione di reciprocit&agrave;49.<br \/>\nSotto il profilo processuale, infine, la competenza appartiene al Tribunale del commissi excursus risulta incontrovertibilmente l&rsquo;inesistenza nel nostro ordinamento di una fattispecie legale di offesa alla bandiera europea o a alla bandiera di altre organizzazioni internazionali. L&rsquo;assenza, come vedremo comune alla maggioranza degli ordinamenti degli altri Stati membri dell&rsquo;Unione, &egrave; ragionevolmente motivata dalla debole base giuridica della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione. Invero, nelle riunioni dei segretari generali delle istituzioni comunitarie, svoltesi nel marzo 1986 in vista dell&rsquo;adozione della bandiera europea, era stato auspicato che gli Stati membri fossero invitati ad accordare una tutela giuridica identica a quella prevista per le bandiere nazionali. Inoltre, nella risoluzione sulla bandiera europea, adottata dal Parlamento europeo il 14 settembre 198850, si era chiesto alla Commissione di presentare una relazione sulle disposizioni prese dagli Stati membri volte a concedere tutela giuridica alla bandiera europea e per far s&igrave; che fosse possibile inalberarla a fianco di quella nazionale. Infine, il presidente della Commissione Jacques Delors, in occasione del trilogo (Parlamento, Consiglio e Commissione), svoltosi a Strasburgo il 9 maggio 1994, sugger&igrave; che gli Stati membri fossero invitati ad esporre la bandiera europea sugli edifici pubblici almeno in occasione della giornata europea del 9 maggio. Conseguentemente, la presidenza greca del Consiglio dell&rsquo;Unione, nel marzo del 1994, manifest&ograve; la volont&agrave; di presentare una proposta al riguardo. La questione venne esaminata, a due riprese, in sede di COREPER, il 31<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Dacosta <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Spagna<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, ricorso n. 2796\/21. La decisione ha considerato sproporzionata la sanzione irrogata ad un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sindacalista spagnolo per un&rsquo;offesa verbale alla bandiera nazionale, pronunciata nel corso di una manifestazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sindacale. La sanzione, peraltro, era stata dichiarata legittima non solo dai tribunali di merito ma anche dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Tribunale costituzionale spagnolo in quanto eccedente la libert&agrave; di espressione. Nella sentenza 531\/2000 la Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">costituzionale italiana ha ritenuto che la bandiera essere considerata un bene protetto, identificando in esso &laquo;la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dignit&agrave; del simbolo dello Stato, come espressione della dignit&agrave; dello Stato medesimo nell&rsquo;unit&agrave; delle istituzioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la collettivit&agrave; nazionale si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave; data&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">47<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Durante<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lavori<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">preparatori<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">85\/2006<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">venne<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">respinto,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">parere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">favorevole<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Governo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;emendamento 6.4, presentato dal senatore Elvio Fassone del Partito dei Democratici di Sinistra-L&rsquo;Ulivo, volto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ad introdurre, nell&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., la pena della reclusione fino a tre mesi o la multa da 1.000 a 10.000 euro per chi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pubblicamente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">avesse<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">distrutto,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">disperso,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">deteriorato,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">inservibile<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">imbrattato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;emblema<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">uno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">estero.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">48<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Camera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Deputati fu<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">approvato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;ordine del giorno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">9\/5490\/1<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;Atto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Camera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">5490-Sezione 13,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presentato dal deputato Aldo Perrotta (Forza Italia), secondo cui il Governo, con riferimento all&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., si &egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">impegnato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">valutare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">se<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">chiedere,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nelle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sedi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">opportune,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reciprocit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">specifica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legislativa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tutti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non prevedono<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">questa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">normativa nelle loro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legislazioni&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">49<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Cassazione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sez.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V penale,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">7<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2021,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n. 316<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">concernente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i separatisti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">altoatesini E. K.,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">K.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">W.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">T.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">considerato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vilipendio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nazionale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">depenalizzato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">effetto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della legge 85\/2006, che nel riformulare l&rsquo;art. 292 c.p. ha solo escluso dal perimetro penale il solo vilipendio ai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">colori<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">precisando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tutela<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">assicurata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tricolore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">suo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">valore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simbolico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non &egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">materialmente presente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ma soltanto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">raffigurata.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">50<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">G.U.C.E<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1988, C262,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">68-69.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">marzo ed il 15 aprile 1994. La delegazione danese espresse la propria contrariet&agrave; e quella britannica preoccupazione che all&rsquo;invito contenuto nella dichiarazione del Consiglio qualche Stato membro avesse opposto un rifiuto esplicito. In tale situazione la presidenza greca congel&ograve; il 51.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">4. La vicenda e il giudizio di primo grado dinanzi al Tribunale di Biella<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9pt;\">La vicenda si &egrave; svolta a Biella, tra il 5 e l&rsquo;8 aprile 202053. Infatti, l&rsquo;imputato, cittadino italiano, M.B., dopo aver pronunciato la frase &laquo;Anche Biella brucia la bandiera&raquo; e tentato di incendiare con un accendino il tessuto di una bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione europea, constatato il mancato raggiungimento dell&rsquo;intento per le caratteristiche ignifughe del materiale, l&rsquo;ha strappata in pi&ugrave; pezzi con le mani. Il fatto &egrave; avvenuto sulla pubblica strada, in via G. B. Costanzo, all&rsquo;altezza del civico 11, in modo che l&rsquo;imputato potesse essere visto da pi&ugrave; persone mentre compiva il gesto oltraggioso. Successivamente, la videoregistrazione dell&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera europea &egrave; stata diffusa dal medesimo mediante pubblicazione su ex art. 530, comma 2, c.p., avanzata dalla difesa, e su conforme richiesta del Pubblico Ministero, si &egrave; ritenuta pienamente provata la responsabilit&agrave; dell&rsquo;imputato in ordine al reato ascrittogli. Pertanto egli &egrave; stato condannato alla pena di euro 600,00 di ammenda, ai sensi dell&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., per aver offeso la bandiera europea, tentando di bruciarla e poi strappandola. Il G.U.P. ha affermato che &laquo;quanto alla nozione di Stato estero, si ritiene che in tale nozione in senso lato possa farsi rientrare l&rsquo;Unione europea, cui appartiene lo Stato italiano, che &egrave; un&rsquo;organizzazione internazionale dotata di personalit&agrave; giuridica, considerata la 54.<br \/>\nInvero, mentre gli Stati stranieri, cui si riferisce l&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., hanno una personalit&agrave; giuridica piena, che attribuisce loro una quasi illimitata capacit&agrave; di operare, il che giustifica<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">51<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> L&rsquo;assenza di una protezione giuridica della bandiera, a livello dell&rsquo;Unione, &egrave; stata confermata dallo stesso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presidente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Commissione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Jean-Claude<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Juncker,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">26<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giugno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2018,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rispondendo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;interrogazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">risposta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">scritta n. E-002492-18 dell&rsquo;on. Adam Szejnfeld (PPE). Juncker ha precisato che &laquo;There are, however, no specific<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">provisions at EU level governing the use of the European flag. In practical terms, this means that the European<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">flag is used in accordance with the national law governing flags. Member States are themselves responsible for<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">maintenance<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of law<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">and order<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the safeguarding of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">internal security<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">on their<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">territory&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">52<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Cos&igrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">primo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">grado.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">53<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">video &egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Repubblica TV<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">10 aprile<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2020.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">54<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">recente,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">approfondita,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">indagine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">circa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">natura<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giuridica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">F.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">P<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ACE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Introduzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">diritto dell&rsquo;Unione europea.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Natura<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e ordinamento giuridico<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Milano, 2023.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">assolutamente di porli sullo stesso piano dello Stato italiano, le organizzazioni internazionali, come l&rsquo;Unione europea, sono dotate soltanto di una personalit&agrave; internazionale &ldquo;funzionale&rdquo;, che &egrave; correlata alle competenze di attribuzione di cui esse sono dotate nonch&eacute; alla presenza di un idoneo apparato istituzionale, capace di operare in conformit&agrave; al principio di specialit&agrave;.<br \/>\nQuesta ontologica differenza tra Stati ed organizzazioni internazionali sotto il profilo della personalit&agrave; &egrave; stata perspicuamente individuata dalla Corte internazionale di giustizia fin dal notissimo parere consultivo dell&rsquo;11 aprile 1949, quando in termini inequivoci ha affermato che il riconoscere la personalit&agrave; giuridica internazionale alle Nazioni Unite &laquo; is not the same thing as saying that it is a State, which certainly is not, or that its legal personality and rights and duties are the same as those of a State. Still less is it the same thing as saying that it is &ldquo;a super-State&rdquo;, whatever that expression may mean&raquo;56.<br \/>\nIn disparte, poi, dalla considerazione che la sentenza del G.U.P. di Biella, per un verso, ha violato il fondamentale principio di tassativit&agrave; della condotta (art. 1 c.p.), interpretando &laquo;in senso lato&raquo; il concetto di Stato estero, al fine di ricomprendere in una fattispecie legale discrezionalmente ampliata, condotte che vi sono del tutto estranee; per altro verso, ha superato, inconsapevolmente o meno, sia la condizione di procedibilit&agrave; dell&rsquo;art. 300 c.p. (sulla quale pi&ugrave; ampiamente in seguito) sia, soprattutto, vari profili di inapprezzabilit&agrave; penale della condotta incriminata, che lo avrebbero dovuto condurre ad una sentenza di proscioglimento. Inoltre, la decisione presenta varie mende, probabilmente frutto di una redazione particolarmente affrettata57.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">55<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Reparation<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">for<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">injuries<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">suffered<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">service<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">United<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Nations<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Advisory<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Opinion<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ICJ<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Reports<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1949,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p. 179. La Corte internazionale di giustizia ha ribadito questa impostazione nel parere consultivo dell&rsquo;8 luglio 1996,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I.C.J. Reports<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 1976, par. 25, in cui ha<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">affermato che &laquo;The Court need hardly point out that international organizations are subjects of international law<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">which do not, unlike States, possess a general competence. International organizations are governed by the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ldquo;principle of speciality&rdquo;, that is to say, they are invested by the States which create them with powers, the limits<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of which are a function of the common interests whose promotion those States entrust to them&hellip;&raquo;. Si v. anche<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;esplicazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">passaggio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">parere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1949,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sopra<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riportato,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nell&rsquo;opinione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">separata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giudice<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">francese<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Andr&eacute;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Gros<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">parere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">consultivo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">20<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dicembre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1980,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Interpretation<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Agreement<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">25<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">March<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">1951<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">between<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">WHO<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and Egypt, Advisory Opinion<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I. C.J. Reports <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1980, spec. p. 103, ove ha rilevato che &laquo;In the absence of a &ldquo;super-<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">State&rdquo;,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">each<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">international<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">organization<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">has<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">only<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">competence<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">which<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">has<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">been<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">conferred<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">on<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">it<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">by<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">States<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">which<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">founded it, and its powers are strictly limited to whatever is necessary to perform the functions which its<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">constitutive<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">charter<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">has<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">defined.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">This<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">is<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">thus<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">competence<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&rsquo;attribution<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i.e.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">only<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">such<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">competence<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">as<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">States<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">have<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ldquo;attributed&rdquo; to the organization. It is a misuse of terminology to speak of the sovereignty of the WHO or the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sovereignty of the World Health Assembly; States are sovereign in the sense that their powers are not dependent<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">on any other authority, but specialized agencies have no more than a special competence, that which they have<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">received from those<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">who constituted them,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">their<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">member<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">States,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">for the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">purpose<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">well-defined task&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">56<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Sulla personalit&agrave; delle organizzazioni internazionali intergovernative sia consentito rinviare a R. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ONACO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, C.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">URTI <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IALDINO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Manuale di diritto internazionale pubblico. Parte generale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, III ed., Torino, 2009, pp. 432-440.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">57<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> In primo luogo, la datazione. Invero il G.U.P., dimentico di aver indicato in epigrafe di aver pronunziato e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pubblicato la sentenza all&rsquo;udienza del 15 febbraio 2022, vi ha apposto in calce la data del giorno successivo, 16<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">febbraio 2022. Tuttavia, la funzionaria di cancelleria, Marianna Naturale, ne ha attestato il deposito il giorno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">precedente,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dimostrando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reali<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">capacit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">divinatorie!<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">In<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">secondo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luogo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G.U.P.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ovvia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">disattenzione,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">Proposto dal difensore appello, con atto dell&rsquo;11 maggio 2022, venne proposta impugnazione avanti alla Corte d&rsquo;Appello di Torino. Questa, tuttavia, lo ha ritenuto inammissibile, ai sensi dell&rsquo;art. 593, comma 3, c.p.p., essendo stato l&rsquo;imputato condannato alla sola pena dell&rsquo;ammenda, e ha riqualificato l&rsquo;atto come ricorso per cassazione, in conformit&agrave; dell&rsquo;art. 568, comma 5 c.p.p., vertendo i motivi anche su questioni attinenti a profili di illegittimit&agrave; della decisione. Pertanto, con provvedimento del 22 settembre 2022, la Corte territoriale ha ordinato la trasmissione degli atti alla Corte di Cassazione per l&rsquo;ulteriore corso.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">5. La pronuncia della Corte di Cassazione<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">Il ricorrente ha impugnato la sentenza di primo grado, evidenziando, da un lato, che non vi era prova dell&rsquo;elemento oggettivo e di quello soggettivo del reato, anche considerando che il video estratto dalla piattaforma 58 e il principio della punibilit&agrave; solo in forza di una legge entrata in vigore prima della commissione del fatto (art. 25, comma 2, Cost.)60 . Inoltre, ha ricordato che &laquo;l&rsquo;elemento<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riservato &laquo;motivazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">entro sessanta giorni&raquo;,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;evidenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">mai depositate,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">senza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riflettere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la sua<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">motivazion &#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fa <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dire &ndash; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;aveva <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gi&agrave; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">estesa <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nel corpo <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">58<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A. S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">PENA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Libert&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">espressione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">opinione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">725.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">59<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Evidente <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">obiter dictum, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anche fuori campo, della sentenza in esame, perch&eacute; nel caso di specie non veniva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">minimamente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">discussione la successione di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">leggi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">penali.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">60<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Diversamente, la Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti, nella sentenza 21 giugno 1989, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Johnson v. Texas <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(491 U.S.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">397), emessa a stretta maggioranza (5 a 4) ha preso in considerazione la condotta di Gregory Lee Johnson, che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">durante<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Convention<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nazionale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">repubblicana<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1984<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aveva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">partecipato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Dallas<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">manifestazione <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Republican<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">War Chest Tour <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">contro le politiche dell&rsquo;amministrazione Reagan ed aveva bruciato, davanti al Municipio, una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">degli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Uniti,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">seppellendone<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">resti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nel<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">suo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giardino.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Fu<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sanzionato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tribunale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">penale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Texas<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">detenzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">multa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2000<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dollari<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">profanazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oggetto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">venerato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sensi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">codice<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">penale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del Texas, ma la decisione fu annullata dalla Corte di appello del Texas. Giunta alla Corte Suprema, quest&rsquo;ultima<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha confermato la sentenza d&rsquo;appello in quanto la condotta di Johnson dovesse essere correttamente configurata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla stregua di un comportamento espressivo e apertamente politico, un discorso simbolico, protetto dal Primo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Emendamento, non avendo provocato, tra l&rsquo;altro, al momento del rogo della bandiera o in risposta all&rsquo;incendio di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">essa, n&eacute; gravi disordini n&eacute; turbative della pace. La decisione implic&ograve; la disapplicazione delle 48 leggi statali che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">prevedevano questo delitto. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">Il Congresso, a quel punto approv&ograve; il <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">Flag Protection Act 1989<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">, legislazione federale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">volta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">tutelare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">bandiera.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">Ma<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">suprema,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">nuovamente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">stretta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">maggioranza,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">annull&ograve;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">United<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">States<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">v.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">soggettivo del delitto di vilipendio (&hellip;) consiste nel dolo generico, e quindi nella coscienza e volont&agrave; di esprimere offensivi e aggressivi giudizi nei confronti delle istituzioni tutelate, con l&rsquo;intenzione di produrre l&rsquo;evento costituito dalla pubblica manifestazione di disprezzo delle stesse&raquo;. Ha aggiunto che &laquo;la bandiera nazionale, poi, &egrave; penalmente tutelata dall&#8217;art. 292 c.p. non come oggetto in s&eacute;, ma unicamente per il suo valore simbolico, suscettibile, per sua natura, di essere leso anche da semplici manifestazioni verbali di disprezzo, la cui penale rilevanza, ai fini della configurabilit&agrave; del reato, richiede quindi soltanto la percepibilit&agrave; da parte di altri soggetti e non anche la presenza della res, da riguardarsi, in quanto tale, come del tutto indifferente&raquo;.<br \/>\nCi&ograve; detto, il Collegio ha ritenuto che il tentativo non riuscito di dar fuoco alla bandiera europea per poi strapparla abbia &laquo;perfezionato il reato di offesa alla bandiera di uno Stato estero&raquo;. Per sussumere la fattispecie del danneggiamento della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., la Cassazione ha preso le mosse dalla configurazione dell&rsquo;Unione europea come &laquo;organizzazione internazionale dotata di un proprio ordinamento giuridico, integrata nel diritto interno degli Stati membri che rappresenta singolarmente e nel loro insieme in modo formale a tutti gli effetti giuridici&raquo;. Di guisa che la &laquo;bandiera danneggiata rappresenta contemporaneamente l&rsquo;Organizzazione internazionale e tutti gli Stati membri, sicch&eacute; il fatto posto in essere costituisce certamente un&rsquo;espressione pubblica di disprezzo verso tutti gli Stati esteri che sono stati ammessi a far parte dell&rsquo;Unione Europea, che risultano cos&igrave; offesi dal reato&raquo;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">6. Le ragioni di una critica in profondit&agrave; della sentenza<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">Le brevi note di commento finora apparse hanno accolto favorevolmente la pronuncia61. Questa lettura, tuttavia, non convince per nulla in quanto la decisione presenta numerose criticit&agrave; sotto molteplici punti di vista.<br \/>\nVale la pena anzitutto di rilevare che in tema di offesa alla bandiera europea (o anche soltanto a bandiera di Stato estero) la Cassazione non ha menzionato alcun precedente. Le decisioni citate, infatti, concernono tutte, come detto, l&rsquo;art. 292 c.p., che per&ograve; riguarda la diversa fattispecie del vilipendio o danneggiamento alla bandiera o altro emblema dello Stato italiano. In effetti, non sembra esistano decisioni della Suprema Corte relative all&rsquo;art. 299 c.p., disposizione che sanziona colui che nel territorio dello Stato vilipende, con espressioni ingiuriose, in luogo pubblico o aperto o esposto al pubblico, la bandiera ufficiale o un altro emblema di uno Stato estero, usati in conformit&agrave; del diritto interno dello Stato italiano e ne prevede la punizione con l&rsquo;ammenda da euro 100 a euro 1.000.<br \/>\nAnalizzando la normativa pertinente si &egrave; visto come nell&rsquo;ordinamento penale italiano manchi una specifica fattispecie concernente l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera europea. Questa mancanza, tuttavia, non &egrave; accidentale ma espressamente voluta. Invero, dall&rsquo;esame dei lavori preparatori<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">Eichman<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">, 496 U.S. 310), confermando che la fattispecie relativa al rogo della bandiera &egrave; protetta dal principio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">costituzionale della libert&agrave; di espressione (v. R.J. G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #1f2021;\">OLDSTEIN<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">Burning the Flag:The Great 1989-1990 American<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">Flag Desecration Controversy<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">, Kent OH, 1996). Anche nel Regno Unito, come, di regola, avviene nei Paesi di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021; font-style: italic;\">common law<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">, l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #1f2021;\">&egrave; punita.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">61<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> P. M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ACIOCCHI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Offende tutti gli stati Ue chi strappa la bandiera europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Il Sole 24 ore<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 13 luglio 2023; M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RISAFI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Reato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bruciare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">UE<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">su<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Facebook<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">NT+Diritto,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Sole<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">24<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ore,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">24<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2023;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RECO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">&Egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reato bruciare o strappare la bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione Europea? <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La Legge per tutti<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 26 luglio 2023; F. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ERQUA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Offesa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">dell&rsquo;Ue<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">nella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">&ldquo;piazza virtuale&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Facebook,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Altalex<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">24 agosto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2023<\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri'; font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">della legge n. 85\/2006 risulta che sono stati puntualmente respinti (o dichiarati preclusi) gli emendamenti volti ad aggiungere all&rsquo;art. 292, primo comma, c.p. specifiche indicazioni concernenti la bandiera europea63 la sentenza resa il 4 luglio 2018 dal Tribunale di Agrigento, Sez. I, in composizione monocratica65.<br \/>\nDalle puntuali motivazioni del giudice di merito si pu&ograve; muovere per refutare il ragionamento (id est richiesta del Ministro della Giustizia al Pubblico Ministero, ai sensi dell&rsquo;art. 342 c.p.p.) sia dipeso dal fatto che essa &egrave; postulata per i delitti, non gi&agrave; per le contravvenzioni. A maggior ragione, il fatto che la novella del 2006 abbia derubricato a contravvenzione l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera o ad altro emblema di uno Stato estero avrebbe dovuto indurre la Corte Suprema a decidere, come questione rilevabile d&rsquo;ufficio ai sensi dell&rsquo;art. 609 c.p.p. (cio&egrave; oltre i motivi proposti dalla difesa), quella della procedibilit&agrave; dell&rsquo;azione penale nel caso in cui un delitto venga derubricato a contravvenzione<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">62<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Si tratta degli emendamenti 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.10 e 5.100 dei senatori Mario Cavallaro, Nando Dalla Chiesa e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Marina<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Magistrelli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gruppo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Margherita-DL-L&#8217;Ulivo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;emendamento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">5.4.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">firmato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anche<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">senatore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Elvio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Fassone del Partito Democratico-L&rsquo;Ulivo, per il quale sarebbe stato importante che, nell&rsquo;ambito del reato di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vilipendio della bandiera, vi fosse una espressa considerazione anche dell&rsquo;emblema dell&#8217;Unione europea, respinti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o preclusi, nella 945<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">a<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Seduta pubblica (Antimeridiana) del 25 gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006 (1<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">a<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> pomeridiana) dell&rsquo;11 gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2006,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">parere favorevole<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del Governo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">espresso<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sottosegretario per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giustizia Iole<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Santelli.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">63<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">I<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">NGRAO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">offesa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Condizione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reciprocit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">configurabilit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">riferimento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Ue<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Penalista<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">13<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">agosto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2018; F.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ALLABONA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Brevi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">note<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">tema<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">offesa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">o ad<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">altro emblema di uno Stato estero<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Giurisprudenza Penale Web<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2018, 9, pp. 1-11; M. E. O<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RLANDINI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Art. 299<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">c.p.: offese alla bandiera o ad altro emblema di uno Stato Estero. Tema consolidato o ancora in discussione? <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ius<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">itinere<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 21<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">settembre 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">64<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Giudice<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dott.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Alessandro Quattrocchi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">65<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Tribunale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Agrigento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">preferito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">assolvere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;imputato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ritenendo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">insussistente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fatto,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">piuttosto che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rilevare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;ufficio il difetto di condizione di procedibilit&agrave;, in tal modo facendo prevalere, in conformit&agrave; del principio del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">favor rei<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, la pi&ugrave; vantaggiosa formula di merito, per consentire all&rsquo;imputato la fruizione degli effetti preclusivi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">correlati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al giudicato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">termini<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">azione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">civile e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bis<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in idem<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">e la sua perseguibilit&agrave; non dipenda pi&ugrave; dalla richiesta del Ministro. Invero, il tema esorbita quello della bandiera europea come bene penalmente tutelato. Tuttavia, vale la pena di segnalare ai cultori del diritto penale sostanziale e processuale l&rsquo;aporia di una norma incriminatrice speciale che degrada il reato da delitto a contravvenzione (in base ad una diagnosi meno severa del legislatore) eppure consente la procedibilit&agrave; d&rsquo;ufficio rispetto alle pi&ugrave; gravi fattispecie di delitto che postulano, invece, una condizione di procedibilit&agrave; ubi lex voluit, dixit; noluit, 67 . Disposizioni, entrambe, che appartengono ad un contesto omogeneo, sia temporalmente che per materia.<br \/>\nNe consegue che l&rsquo;interpretazione pi&ugrave; ristretta va preferita non solo in una prospettiva ermeneutica testuale, sistematica e teleologica, ex art. 12 Preleggi, ma anche in quanto pienamente conforme al principio di legalit&agrave;, riconosciuto a livello costituzionale (art. 25 Cost.), sovranazionale (art. 49 Carta dei diritti fondamentali UE) e convenzionale (art. 7 CEDU), dal quale discendono come corollari i principi di tipicit&agrave;, tassativit&agrave; e determinatezza della norma penale incriminatrice, come declinati nel vigente sistema multilivello di tutela dei diritti &laquo;in<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">66<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Se, nella logica di favorire l&rsquo;imputato (derubricazione da delitto a contravvenzione) lo si pone in una posizione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">processuale peggiore, in quanto l&rsquo;azione penale non &egrave; pi&ugrave; limitata dalla richiesta di procedimento ma &egrave; d&rsquo;ufficio,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;imputato finisce per trovarsi in una situazione sfavorevole. Il segnalato difetto di coordinamento di cui &egrave; affetta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">modifica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legge<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">85\/2006,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tradotto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reformatio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">legis<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">peius<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ed<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">trattamento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">peggiorativo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;evidenza, contrasta con i principi di uguaglianza e di ragionevolezza, come interpretati sulla scorta del diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">convenzionale e sovranazionale e delle giurisprudenze di Strasburgo e di Lussemburgo (sul punto v. F. V<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IGAN&Ograve;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La proporzionalit&agrave; della pena. Profili di diritto penale e costituzionale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Torino, 2021; I<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">D<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">., <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La proporzionalit&agrave; della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pena tra diritto costituzionale italiano e diritto dell&rsquo;Unione europea: sull&rsquo;effetto diretto dell&rsquo;art. 49, paragrafo 3,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">della Carta alla luce di una recentissima sentenza della Corte di giustizia<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">. Nota a Corte di giustizia Ue, Grande<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sezione, sent. 8<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">marzo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2022,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C-205\/20, in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Sistema<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">penale<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2022,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1-19).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">67<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">A. S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">PENA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Libert&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">espressione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">opinione<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">733-734.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">virt&ugrave; della sinergica operativit&agrave; delle Carte dei diritti fondamentali (Costituzione, CDFUE e CEDU) nelle interpretazioni (dialogiche) fornitene dalle rispettive Corti&raquo;van &amp; 6970 (art. 47 Trattato UE), pu&ograve; impegnare (e quindi rappresentare) gli Stati membri, limitatamente ai settori che le sono stati attribuiti a titolo di competenza esclusiva, e solo rispetto ad essi71. In tutti gli altri casi, soprattutto quando le materie rientrano in parte nella competenza esclusiva dell&rsquo;Unione e in parte in quella concorrente dell&rsquo;Unione o degli Stati membri e anche quando le materie sono comprese solo parzialmente nella competenza dell&rsquo;Unione, per il resto rientrando nella competenza esclusiva degli Stati membri, nell&rsquo;agire nella sfera internazionale si richiede l&rsquo;intervento degli Stati membri accanto all&rsquo;Unione. Addirittura, quando l&rsquo;Unione, pur essendo competente ad agire nella sfera internazionale ne sia impedita, ad esempio, dalle regole interne di altre organizzazioni internazionali, la competenza va esercitata dagli Stati membri, agenti<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">68<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Trib.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Catanzaro,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">69<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">NV Algemene Transport-en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend &amp; Loos <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Amministrazione olandese delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">imposte<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">causa 26\/62,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ECLI:EU:C:1963:1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">70<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Personalit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giuridica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">internazionale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">peraltro,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giustizia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aveva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">affermato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fin<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1971,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rispetto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comunit&agrave; economica europea, deducendola dalle competenze internazionali attribuite agli enti di integrazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(Corte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giust.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">31<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">marzo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1971<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Commissione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Comunit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europee<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Consiglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Comunit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europee<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Accordo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europeo sui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">trasporti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">stradali<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">causa 22\/70, ECLI:EU:C:1971:32,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">punti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">14-16).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">71<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">U.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ILLANI<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Istituzioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Diritto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">6<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ed.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bari,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2020,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">250-265.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">congiuntamente nell&rsquo;interesse dell&rsquo;Unione73. Elementi a sostegno di questo approccio si ricavano pure da due dichiarazioni relative alla politica estera e di sicurezza comune, che sono state adottate dalla conferenza intergovernativa concernente il trattato di Lisbona del 2007 e risultano allegate all&rsquo;atto finalemalam nullum nulla sine stricta), in particolare della riserva di legge e del<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">72<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">parere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2\/91<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">19<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">marzo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1993,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2\/91,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">relativo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">convenzione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">170<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Organizzazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">internazionale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lavoro,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ECLI:EU:C:1993:106.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">73<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> In questi termini, D. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OUVIER<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La repr&eacute;sentation internationale de l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Bruxelles, 2020, pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">344-345.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">74<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Cos&igrave;, nelle dichiarazione n. 13 e n. 14, la Conferenza ha tenuto a precisare che le disposizioni del Trattato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sull&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riguardanti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">politica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">estera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sicurezza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">comune,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">compresa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">creazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">carica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Alto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rappresentante dell&rsquo;Unione per gli affari esteri e la politica di sicurezza e l&rsquo;istituzione di un Servizio per l&rsquo;azione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">esterna,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;lasciano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">impregiudicate<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">competenze<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">degli Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">membri,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quali<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">esistono<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">attualmente,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">formulazione e la conduzione della loro politica estera sia la loro rappresentanza nazionale nei paesi terzi e nelle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">organizzazioni internazionali&raquo; e &laquo;non incidono sulla base giuridica, sulle responsabilit&agrave; e sui poteri esistenti di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ciascuno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">membro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quanto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riguarda<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sua<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">politica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">estera,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">suo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">servizio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">diplomatico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nazionale,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">relazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con i<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Paesi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">terzi e la partecipazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alle organizzazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">internazionali&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">principio di determinatezza della legge penale, corollari posti a tutela sia del principio &lsquo;ordinamentale&rsquo; della separazione dei poteri e della conseguente attribuzione al solo legislatore del compito di stabilire i confini tra il lecito e l&rsquo;illecito. Anche in relazione a quanto appena ricordato, la Cassazione come detto avrebbe dovuto emettere nei confronti dell&rsquo;imputato pronuncia assolutoria perch&eacute; il fatto non &egrave; previsto dalla legge come reato e non invece assumere &ndash; riprendendo le parole della Consulta &#8211; un ruolo creativo, assegnando all&rsquo;art. 299 c.p. un significato ulteriore e distinto da quello che il consociato possa desumere dalla sua immediata lettura.<br \/>\nIn quarto luogo, la Cassazione avrebbe dovuto prendere in esame la condizione di reciprocit&agrave; cui il primo comma dell&rsquo;art. 300 c.p. subordina l&rsquo;applicazione, tra gli altri, dell&rsquo;art. 299 c.p. Quest&rsquo;ultima disposizione trova applicazione, infatti, semprech&eacute; lo Stato estero consideri alla stessa stregua nei loro elementi essenziali i delitti a contenuto analogo commessi nel suo territorio, a prescindere dalla quantit&agrave; di pena comminata e dalle forme della sua esecuzione. La Cassazione, al riguardo, ha mancato dall&rsquo;indicare quale Stato estero, nello specifico, fosse stato offeso e non ha neppure fatto riferimento alla norma penale incriminatrice presente nel relativo ordinamento, che garantisca, reciprocamente, &laquo;parit&agrave; di tutela penale&raquo; alla bandiera italiana&raquo;. &Egrave; pacifico, poi, che nell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione europea, per la carenza di potest&agrave; punitiva in capo agli enti di integrazione, non vi sono n&eacute; norme incriminatrici poste a tutela della bandiera europea n&eacute; tantomeno norme che si riferiscono alle bandiere degli Stati membri. Dall&rsquo;altro lato, anche in questa ipotesi opera il principio della tassativit&agrave; della fattispecie legale75.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">7. L&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera negli ordinamenti degli altri Stati membri dell&rsquo;Unione<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 8pt;\">L&rsquo;analisi fin qui condotta ha evidenziato che nell&rsquo;ordinamento italiano non esiste in disparte di quanto affermato dalla Cassazione nella sentenza in esame una fattispecie incriminatrice che consenta di punire l&rsquo;offesa verbale e tanto meno il danneggiamento della bandiera europea.<br \/>\nPare ora opportuno richiamare, anche se per brevi cenni, la tutela penale della bandiera europea nel diritto degli altri Stati membri dell&rsquo;Unione76. Pure rispetto ad essi vale il precedente<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 8pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 8pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 8pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">75<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">questo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rilievo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">v.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gi&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">URTI<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">IALDINO<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">I<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">simboli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">dell&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europea<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">77.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">76<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Le informazioni sulla legislazione degli Stati membri diversi dall&rsquo;Italia sono state principalmente tratte dalla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">banca<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Legislationonline,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">OSCE\/ODIHR<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">database<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">legal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reviews<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">legislation <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(https:\/\/legislationline.org\/)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nonch&eacute; dalle indicazioni offerte dalla dottrina comparatistica di seguito indicata: B.J. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">LEISE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Freedom of Speech<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Flag<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Desecration:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">A<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Comparative<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Study<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">German,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">European<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">United<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">States<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Laws<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Denver<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Journal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">International Law and Policy<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 1992, pp. 471-491; P. E. Q<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UINT<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The Comparative Law of Flag Desecration. The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">United States and the Federal Republic of Germany<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Hastings International and Comparative Law Review<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1992, pp. 613-638; U. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">R&Uuml;DEWAGEN<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Political Symbols in Two Constitutional Order: The Flag Desecration<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Decisions of the United States and the German Federal Constitutional Court<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Arizona Journal of International<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">&amp; Comparative Law<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2002, pp. 679-712; N.C. G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">UTI&Eacute;RREZ<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Comparative summary: flag desecration under the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">laws of selected foreign nations<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, The Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Directorate, june 2005; E.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ESWICK<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EU<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">countries<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">that<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">will<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">punish<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">you<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">for<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">direspecting<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">their<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">flags<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">euronews<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">9<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">novembre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2017;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">K.W.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">AUNDERS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Free<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Expression<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Democracy.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">A<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Comparative<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Analysis<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Cambridge,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2017,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">173-200;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">J.M.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ILBAO <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">U<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">BILLOS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La protecci&oacute;n penal de los s&iacute;mbolos nacionales. El delito de ultraje a la bandera<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Revista<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">espa&ntilde;ola de derecho constitucional<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 2022, pp. 13-47, spec. pp. 15-24; Z. J. T<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">&Oacute;TH <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(ed.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Constitutional and Legal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Protection of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">State<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">National<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Symbols<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Central<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Europe<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Miskolc,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Budapest, 2022.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 3.7pt;\">ragionamento circa la mancanza, a livello di Unione, di misure di applicazione della bandiera europea, volte a parificarne la tutela con quella assicurata alla bandiera nazionale.<br \/>\nDei 26 Stati (oltre l&rsquo;Italia) che sono membri dell&rsquo;Unione europea, ad oggi, soltanto 10 sanzionano l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera europea tramite disposizioni normative (Austria, Bulgaria, Croazia, Danimarca, Estonia, Germania, Lituania, Portogallo e Slovenia) o attraverso la giurisprudenza (Slovacchia). Altri 7 Stati non prevedono neppure una tutela penale per la bandiera nazionale (Belgio78, Paesi Bassi80), talvolta subordinando pure l&rsquo;azione alla richiesta o all&rsquo;autorizzazione da parte dello Stato estero offeso (Grecia, Croazia) ovvero non prevedendo alcuna condizione di procedibilit&agrave; (Polonia).<br \/>\nParticolare menzione meritano, nell&rsquo;ottica della presente indagine, gli ordinamenti che garantiscono una tutela penale alla bandiera europea. Allo stato, essi rappresentano il 37% del totale degli Stati membri.<br \/>\nIn Austria, ai sensi della Sezione 317 del 81.<br \/>\nIn Bulgaria, dal 2016, l&rsquo;art. 108, par. 2 c.p. punisce pure l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera europea83. La procedibilit&agrave; dell&rsquo;azione &egrave; subordinata all&rsquo;iniziativa della procura di Stato, previo consenso dell&rsquo;organizzazione internazionale offesa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">77<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Una proposta di legge (DOC 55 3059\/001) &egrave; stata presentata dall&rsquo;on. Daniel Bacquelaine e altri, il 14 dicembre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2022, alla Camera dei Rappresentanti, con la finalit&agrave; di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rispondere alla sollecitazione della <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration nationale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">des prisonniers politiques et ayants droit de Belgique<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, volta a tutelare la bandiera nazionale. Il progetto, inoltre,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">estende<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tutela<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">entit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">federate<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(regioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">comunit&agrave;),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quelle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">degli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">esteri<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riconosciuti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal Belgio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nonch&eacute;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quelle delle organizzazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">internazionali.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">78<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Una decina di anni fa, dopo il furto della bandiera del Granducato davanti alla Camera dei deputati, una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">interrogazione parlamentare sollecit&ograve; l&rsquo;introduzione di una sanzione per l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera nazionale. Il primo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ministro del tempo, Jean-Claude Juncker, rispose che il Governo non intendeva criminalizzare tali condotte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Protecting our<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">national<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">icons,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Luxembourg<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Times<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 14<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">marzo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2012.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">79<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">B.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">T&Ouml;CKL<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EU<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">flag<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">causes<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">commotion in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Dutch<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Parliament<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EURACTIV.com<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">10<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">maggio 2023.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">80<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">J.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">U<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">R&Iacute;AS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Honor<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Spanish<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Flag,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Verfassungsblog<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">20<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2021.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">81<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legge<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">federale<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">23<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1974,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sezione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">317,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rubricata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;Herabw&uuml;rdigung<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fremder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Symbole&raquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dispone<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;Wer<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">auf<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">eine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Art,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">da&szlig;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">die<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Tat<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">einer<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">breiten<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&Ouml;ffentlichkeit<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bekannt<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">wird,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">geh&auml;ssiger<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Weise<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Strafgesetzbuch<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">eine Fahne oder ein Hoheitszeichen eines fremden Staates oder einer zwischenstaatlichen Einrichtung, die von<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">einer<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">inl&auml;ndischen<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Beh&ouml;rde<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">von<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">einer<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Vertretung<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fremden<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Staates<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">der<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">zwischenstaatlichen<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Einrichtung<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nach<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">den<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">allgemeinen<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Regeln des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">V&ouml;lkerrechts oder nach zwischenstaatlichen<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Vereinbarungen<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">angebracht<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">worden<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ist,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">die bei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">einem<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ouml;ffentlichen Anla&szlig;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vorgetragene Hymne eines<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fremden<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Staates<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">beschimpft, ver&auml;chtlich macht oder sonst herabw&uuml;rdigt, ist mit Freiheitsstrafe bis zu sechs Monaten oder mit<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Geldstrafe<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bis<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">zu<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">360<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Tagess&auml;tzen<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">zu<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bestrafen&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">82<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> S. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ASSESE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, M. C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OMBA<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, (rapp.), <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Freedom of Expression as a Common Constitutional Tradition<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, Report of the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">European<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Law<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Institute,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2022,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spec.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pp.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">19-20.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ricordano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">manifestazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">avvenute<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Sofia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">1&deg;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2018,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in concomitanza con la cerimonia di apertura, per la prima volta dall&rsquo;adesione della Bulgaria, della presidenza<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">semestrale del Consiglio (C. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ERR<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Furious protesters BURN EU flag in chaos across Sofia after Juncker visits<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bulgaria<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Daily Express<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 12<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2018.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">83<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">356,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c.p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rubricato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;Damaging<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Reputation<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Foreign<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">State<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">International<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Organisation&raquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dispone<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;(1)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Whoever<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">exposes<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">foreign state,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">its<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">flag,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">coat<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">arms<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">or<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">national<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anthem<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">to public<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ridicule,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">contempt<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">or<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">In Danimarca &#8211; dove non &egrave; prevista l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera nazionale &ndash; la Sezione 110e del codice penalesic!)86. In Germania, un emendamento, adottato il 24 giugno 202088. Nella stessa occasione &egrave; stata eliminata l&rsquo;autorizzazione previa del Governo per il perseguimento del reato ed assicurata pure tutela alle bandiere e simboli di Stati esteri89. Va notato, per&ograve;, sul piano della sistematica del codice penale, che la nuova<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gross disparagement shall be punished by imprisonment not exceeding one year. (2) The same punishment as<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be imposed on whoever exposes to ridicule, contempt or gross<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">disparagement the United Nations, European Union, Council of Europe, International Red Cross or any other<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">recognised<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">international<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">organisation.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(3)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Criminal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">proceedings<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">shall<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">be<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">initiated<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">on<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">basis<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">an<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">approval<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">from<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">State<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Attorney<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Republic<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Croatia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">who<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">may<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">grant<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">such<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">approval<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">after<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">having<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">obtained<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">consent<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">from<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">state, international<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">organisation<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">or<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">person against<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">whom the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">criminal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">offence<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">has<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">been committed&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">84<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> La Sezione 110e c.p. stabilisce che &laquo;Anyone who publicly insults a foreign nation, a foreign state, its flag or<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">other recognized national symbol or the flag of the United Nations or the Council of Europe is punished with a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">or imprisonment<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">up<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">years&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">85<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> S. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves remarques concernant la d&eacute;claration n&deg; 52 sur les symboles de l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit., pp. 79-80, spec. nota 151, sottolinea l&rsquo;imperdonabile errore terminologico compiuto dal legislatore danese,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che ha usato la locuzione <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Europ&aelig;iske R&aring;ds <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(Consiglio europeo) in luogo di <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Europar&aring;det <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Consiglio d&rsquo;Europa. Al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riguardo, infatti, la menzione del Consiglio europeo &egrave; assolutamente priva di senso e la confusione tra Consiglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europeo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Consiglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;Europa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(tra<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;altro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">molto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">frequente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pure<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Italia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">anche<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">se<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sembra<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">finora,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nostro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legislatore abbia commesso un simile svarione!) pu&ograve; essere stata ulteriormente ingenerata dall&rsquo;identit&agrave; tra le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">due<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">enti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">internazionali.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Osserva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ancora<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">op.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">loc.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">cit<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;cette<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">erreur<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">terminologique<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">n&rsquo;est<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pas<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cens&eacute;e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pouvoir<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">jouer<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;encontre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&eacute;ventuels<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pr&eacute;venus<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lors<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">d&rsquo;un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ndash; hypotetique<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ndash; proc&egrave;s<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">au<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p&eacute;nal&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">86<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> L&rsquo;art. 249 c.p. &egrave; rubricato &laquo;Defamation of official symbols of foreign States or international organization or<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">persons<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">against<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">whom<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the criminal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">offense has<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">been<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">committed&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">87<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> La Sezione 90c, rubricata &laquo;Verunglimpfung von Symbolen der Europ&auml;ischen Union&raquo;, dispone &laquo;(1) Wer<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&ouml;ffentlich,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">einer<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Versammlung<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">durch<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Verbreiten<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">von<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Schriften<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(&sect;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">11<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Absatz<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">3)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">die<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Flagge<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">die<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Hymne<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">der Europ&auml;ischen Union verunglimpft, wird mit Freiheitsstrafe bis zu drei Jahren oder mit Geldstrafe bestraft. (2)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Ebenso wird bestraft, wer eine &ouml;ffentlich gezeigte Flagge der Europ&auml;ischen Union entfernt, zerst&ouml;rt, besch&auml;digt,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">unbrauchbar<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">unkenntlich<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">macht<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">beschimpfenden<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Unfug<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">daran<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ver&uuml;bt.Der Versuch ist<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">strafbar&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">88<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> L&rsquo;emendamento &egrave; frutto della fusione di due diversi progetti. Il primo, presentato dai L&auml;nder ed il secondo dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">governo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">federale.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Finalit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">precipua<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">progetto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L&auml;nder<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fu<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">proprio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">eliminare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lacuna<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tutela<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli dell&rsquo;UE, limitatamente alla bandiera ed all&rsquo;inno (v. S. B<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">EPPLER<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">-S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">PAHL<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">German politician want to make<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">it a crime to burn the EU flag<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, in <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.spiked-online-com.cdn.amproject.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.spiked-online-com.cdn.amproject.org<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.spiked-online-com.cdn.amproject.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">, <\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2 luglio 2019). Questa protezione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">era ritenuta necessaria, secondo la relazione illustrativa. tenuto conto, per un verso, dell&rsquo;importanza particolare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Unione europea per la Germania e, per l&rsquo;altro, della speciale responsabilit&agrave; della Germania verso l&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea, considerato il trasferimento di poteri sovrani ad essa ed il ruolo della Germania quale Stato membro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fondatore. La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">irrogata &egrave; la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">medesima applicata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;offesa alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera nazionale.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">89<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Introdotta tramite l&rsquo;emendamento alla Sezione 104 c.p., che il governo federale propose dopo l&rsquo;incidente,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">avvenuto nel dicembre 2017, quando nel corso di una manifestazione pubblica di protesta a Berlino contro la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">decisione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Trump<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">spostare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;ambasciata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">degli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Uniti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Gerusalemme,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fu<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bruciata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dello<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di Israele e furono cantati <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">slogan <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">antisemiti. L&rsquo;ambasciatore di Israele, Jeremy Issacharoff, protest&ograve; e sugger&igrave; una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">modifica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legislativa.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Precedentemente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">poteva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">essere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sanzionata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">soltanto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;offesa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">estero<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">qualora<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fosse stata perpetrata durante una cerimonia ufficiale. Finalit&agrave; della novella &egrave; stata, da un lato, assicurare la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reputazione dello Stato estero e, dall&rsquo;altro, preservare le relazioni diplomatiche con Israele. Il <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Bundestag <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">respinse<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">emendamenti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presentati<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">partito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">euroscettico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Alternativa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Germania<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(AfD),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ritenevano<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">emendamenti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">violazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">eccessiva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">libert&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">espressione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">libert&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">artistica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riguardo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ai<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">simboli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europei, rilevavano che &laquo;non c&rsquo;era n&eacute; un bisogno della societ&agrave; n&eacute; una giustificazione costituzionale per la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">protezione dei simboli europei&raquo; per cui ci si doveva limitare alla tutela dei simboli di Stati esteri (v. J. G<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ESLEY<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Germany:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Desecration<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EU<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Symbols<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Global<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Legal<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Monitor<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">6<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2020;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">F.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">S<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">CHUETZE<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Germany<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">disposizione &egrave; stata inserita, subito dopo quella concernente la tutela della Repubblica federale e non dopo l&rsquo;art. 104, che riguarda l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera di Stati esteri. Il che, come non si &egrave; mancato di osservare, indica che l&rsquo;Unione europea &egrave; &laquo;une entit&eacute; autrement plus proche de l&rsquo;Allemagne que d&rsquo;un quelconque pays &eacute;tranger&raquo;91.<br \/>\nIn Portogallo, l&rsquo;art. 323 c.p. punisce l&rsquo;offesa alle bandiere di Stati esteri e di organizzazioni internazionali delle quali il Portogallo &egrave; membro con la detenzione fino ad un anno o con una pena pecuniaria fino a 120 giorni93.<br \/>\nIn Slovenia, una disposizione analoga &egrave; contenuta all&rsquo;art. 164 c.p. con riguardo all&rsquo;offesa alle bandiere di Stati esteri o delle organizzazioni internazionali.<br \/>\nIn Slovacchia, la punibilit&agrave;, invece, risulta dai procedimenti penali relativi al rogo di cui fu fatta oggetto una bandiera europea a Bratislava, in Piazza Alexandra Dub\u010deka, durante la manifestazione 94 . Conseguentemente, irrog&ograve; ai due imputati l&rsquo;ammenda, rispettivamente, di 300 e 500 euro, unitamente alla misura di sicurezza personale del divieto di soggiornare a Bratislava per due<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Criminalizes<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Burning<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">E.U<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">and<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Other<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Foreign<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Flags<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">New<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">York<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Times<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">16<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2020<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">taglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">critico,<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">J.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">C<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">OLLINGS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Protecting All<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Flags<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">but<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Not<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Freedom<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Speech<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Verfassungsblog<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">17 gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2020).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">90<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Il rilievo &egrave; di S. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves remarques concernant la d&eacute;claration n&deg; 52 sur les symboles de l&rsquo;Union<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cit., p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">77.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">91<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">L&rsquo;art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">9,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">rubricato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;Responsabilit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">violazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">procedura<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">imbandieramento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vilipendio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiere&raquo; dispone che &laquo;Persons who have desecrated the national flag of Lithuania, a flag of a foreign state, the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">flag of the European Union or a flag of an international public organisation shall be punished in accordance with<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">procedure established<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">by<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">law&raquo;.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">La condotta &egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">punita altres&igrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ai sensi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;art. 128<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c.p.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">92<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> L&rsquo;art. 323 c.p., rubricato &laquo;Insult of foreign symbols&raquo;, dispone che &laquo;Whoever, publicly, by words, gesture,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">discolure of writing or other communication mean with the public, insult official flag or other symbol of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sovereignty of foreign State or of international organisation from which Portugal is member thereof, is punished<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">with<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sentence<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">imprisonment<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">for<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">not<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">more<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">than<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">one<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">year,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">or<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">with fine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">penalty for<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">not<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">more<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">than 120 days&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">93<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> In Portogallo, il c.d. sistema dei tassi giornalieri (&laquo;sistema dos dias-de-multa&raquo;, previsto dall&rsquo;art. 47 c.p.)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stabilisce che, per ogni giorno di pena detentiva sostituita, il giudice debba individuare il valore giornaliero<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(corrispondente ad un ammontare da 5 a 500 euro), cui pu&ograve; essere assoggettato l&rsquo;imputato, tenendo conto, per un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">verso,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">condizione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">economica<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">complessiva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">suo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nucleo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">familiare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">altro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">verso,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gravit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reato. Vale la pena di ricordare che, in Italia, il ragguaglio fra pene pecuniarie e pene detentive opera in rapporto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">variabile<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">euro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">250<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">frazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">euro 250<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pecuniaria<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">un giorno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pena<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">detentiva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">135<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c.p.).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">94<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">J.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">RAVEC<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">About<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">the<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Limits<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Freedom<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Daily<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Headlines<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">24 giugno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2014.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">anni96.<br \/>\nInfine, tra gli Stati terzi, che hanno presentato domanda di adesione all&rsquo;Unione europea, pu&ograve; essere interessante segnalare il caso della Georgia98, ha approvato una legge a stregua della quale &egrave; considerata illegale e punita con un&rsquo;ammenda l&rsquo;offesa alle bandiere dell&rsquo;Unione europea, della NATO, dei paesi membri delle dette organizzazioni nonch&eacute; dei simboli delle organizzazioni internazionali alle quali la Georgia partecipa99.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0;\">8. Per una norma incriminatrice dell&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera europea: prospettive <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;\">iure<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;\">condendo<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">La mancanza, nel nostro ordinamento, di una norma incriminatrice dell&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione europea, non pu&ograve; essere superata dall&rsquo;interpretazione creativa operata dalla Corte di Cassazione nella sentenza oggetto di esame, di cui &egrave; stata dimostrato nullum crimen sine 100.<br \/>\nCi&ograve; non toglie che il disvalore della condotta in questione non possa giustificare, condendo, che il Parlamento, nel rispetto del principio della separazione dei poteri, possa apprestarvi rimedio. Si ripetono, infatti, negli ultimi anni, con una certa frequenza episodi di danneggiamento della bandiera europea101.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 9.15pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">95<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">R.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">M<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">INARECHOV&Aacute;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Court<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">upholds<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">punishments<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">for<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EU<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">flag<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">burning,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Slovak<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Spectator<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">3<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giugno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2014.<\/span> <span style=\"font-family: 'Calibri'; font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">96<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Case<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">of<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">EU<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">flag<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">burning<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">returns<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">to<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">courts.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">lower-instance<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">courts<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">allegedly held<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">one-sided<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">proceedings<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">The<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Slovak<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Spectator<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, 13<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2016.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">97<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Come<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">noto,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Georgia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">3<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">marzo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2022<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presentato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">domanda<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">adesione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;Unione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Consiglio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europeo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">riunito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">23<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">giugno<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2023,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">su<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">conforme<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">parere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Commissione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dichiarato<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&laquo;pronto a concedere alla Georgia lo status di paese candidato una volta che saranno state affrontate le priorit&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">specificate nel parere della Commissione&raquo;, diversamente da quanto deciso per l&rsquo;Ucraina e la Moldova alle quali,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nella medesima occasione, &egrave; stato concesso lo <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">status <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di candidato (Consiglio europeo, Conclusioni, III, Domande<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">adesione di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Ucraina,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Repubblica di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Moldova e Georgia, par. 13).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">98<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Georgia,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">diventa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">reato il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">vilipendio alle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Ue<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Nato<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">euronews.com<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">11 gennaio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2022.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">99<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> All&rsquo;origine della menzionata legislazione fu l&rsquo;oltraggio alla bandiera europea, avvenuto il 5 maggio 2021,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">allorch&eacute; un gruppo di radicali omofobi di estrema destra &#8211; che manifestavano, a Tbilisi, contro una marcia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;orgoglio <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">gay <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&#8211; si impossessarono di una bandiera europea issata davanti al Parlamento nazionale e la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">strapparono.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Un<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ulteriore<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">episodio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">verificato,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nuovo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fronte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Parlamento,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">gruppo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pro-russo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Alf<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Info <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha sottratto la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera europea e l&rsquo;ha bruciata.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">100<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> La richiamata sentenza del Tribunale di Agrigento &egrave; anche approvata da S. K<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">ARAGIANNIS<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Br&egrave;ves remarques<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">concernant<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d&eacute;claration<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">n&deg;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">52<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">2007 sur<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">les<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">symboles<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">de l&rsquo;Union<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europ&eacute;enne<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, cit.,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">79.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">101<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> Cos&igrave;, per non menzionare che alcuni episodi significativi avvenuti nell&rsquo;ultimo decennio, come descritti dalla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stampa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dall&rsquo;informazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">televisiva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(ad<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">esempio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nel<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">servizio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">La<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">europea,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">oggi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">vessillo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">pi&ugrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">bistrattato,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">inserito<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nella<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">puntata<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">15<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">maggio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2014<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">trasmissione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">de<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">LA7<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">L&rsquo;aria<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">tira<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ovvero<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">social<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">possono<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ricordare,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ordine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tempo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oltre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vicenda<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cui<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lavoro:<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">a<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">28<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">febbraio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2012,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Genova,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">durante<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">protesta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">degli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ambulanti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">contro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">direttiva<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bolkestein,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c&rsquo;&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tentativo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bruciare<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">che<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">non<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">andato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">buon<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tessuto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ignifugo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">b<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">15<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">febbraio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2013,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">durante<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">manifestazione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Casa<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Pound,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a Roma, di fronte a Palazzo Campanari, in via IV Novembre 149, sede, fra l&rsquo;altro, della Rappresentanza in Italia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Commissione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;Ufficio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">l&rsquo;Italia<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Parlamento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europeo,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">vicepresidente<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Simone<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Stefano,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si &egrave; arrampicato al primo piano, ha staccato e poi sottratto la bandiera esposta sul balcone; denunciato per furto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pluriaggravato &egrave; stato condannato a tre mesi di reclusione, dopo un processo per direttissima, e rilasciato,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">applicando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">le<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">attenuanti<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">generiche<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">e<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quelle<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">legate<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">risarcimento<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">danno,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">risultando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per&ograve;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sottoposto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">all&rsquo;obbligo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di firma due volte la settimana oltre alla multa di 100 euro (il PM aveva chiesto la condanna a sei mesi di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">reclusione); <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">) il 12 maggio 2014, durante la trasmissione di Canale 5, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Mattino Cinque<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, il deputato della Lega,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Gianluca<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bonanno,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">ha<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">strappato<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandierina<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dell&rsquo;UE<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">poi soffiarcisi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">naso;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">)<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">28<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">maggio<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2022,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Bastia<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">Al riguardo, l&rsquo;analisi dei sistemi degli altri Stati membri ci offre qualche utile spunto. Anzitutto, va rilevato che nessuno dei 10 Stati membri che hanno previsto la punibilit&agrave; dell&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera europea, anche quando conoscono sia l&rsquo;offesa alla bandiera nazionale sia quella alla bandiera di uno Stato estero, l&rsquo;ha equiparata a quest&rsquo;ultima, avendo ben compreso che, rispetto all&rsquo;Unione europea, non sia in alcun modo ipotizzabile di far valere la condizione di reciprocit&agrave; che in Italia &egrave; prevista dall&rsquo;art. 300 c.p. Conseguentemente, quegli Stati vi hanno apprestato una tutela sia facendola rientrare nella protezione delle bandiere delle organizzazioni internazionali, di cui lo Stato &egrave; membro, sia dedicandogli una specifica disposizione. Molto interessante, al riguardo, &egrave; la soluzione offerta dall&rsquo;ordinamento germanico in cui la tutela della bandiera europea &egrave;, pure sul piano della sistematica del codice penale, strettamente collegata a quella della bandiera nazionale piuttosto che a quelle degli Stati esteri.<br \/>\nPertanto, si suggerisce di creare un&rsquo;autonoma fattispecie legalebis, rubricato &laquo;Vilipendio o danneggiamento alla bandiera o ad altro emblema dell&rsquo;Unione europea&raquo;, la cui redazione potrebbe essere identica, anche quanto alla commisurazione delle pene, a quella stabilita attualmente all&rsquo;art. 292 c.p. rispetto alla bandiera nazionale. Il terzo comma della disposizione, relativo alla individuazione della bandiera europea agli effetti della legge penale, potrebbe avere la seguente redazione: &laquo;Agli effetti della legge penale per bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione europea si intende la bandiera rappresentata da un cerchio di dodici stelle dorate su sfondo blu, usata in conformit&agrave; del diritto interno dello Stato italiano&raquo;.<br \/>\nL&rsquo;equiparazione della bandiera europea al tricolore, in termini di tutela penale, appare pienamente conforme alla posizione dell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione europea rispetto a quello italiano, in forza dell&rsquo;art. 11 Cost., come interpretato dalla Consulta. Una sostanziale parificazione tra le due bandiere, salvo la precedenza sempre riservata alla bandiera nazionale, discende, altres&igrave;, dalla richiamata normativa relativa all&rsquo;esposizione dei due vessilli.<br \/>\nLa correlazione della fattispecie del vilipendio o danneggiamento della bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione europea all&rsquo;art. 292 c.p. piuttosto che all&rsquo;art. 299 c.p. si giustifica, altres&igrave;, per<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.95pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Umbra (PG), in piazza Matteotti, &egrave; stata prima rimossa e strappata la bandiera posta nella sede provvisoria del<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Comune e poi anche quella presente nel palazzo comunale chiuso per inagibilit&agrave; sismica; la locale stazione dei<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Carabinieri ha denunciato l&rsquo;autore del fatto per il reato di vilipendio o danneggiamento alla bandiera o altro<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">emblema dello Stato (art. 292 c.p.); <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">e<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">) l&rsquo;11 luglio 2023, &egrave; stata bruciata parzialmente la bandiera europea (e,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">completamente, quella italiana), nella sede del quartiere Santo Stefano (BO), bandiere che erano esposte a<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">mezz&rsquo;asta a seguito del lutto nazionale proclamato per la scomparsa dell&rsquo;<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">ex <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">presidente del Consiglio Arnaldo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Forlani; <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">f<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">) il 5 settembre 2023, infine, il Sindaco di Legnago, Graziano Lorenzetti, della Lega Nord, ha fatto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">stampare una riproduzione della bandiera dell&rsquo;Unione Africana, che ha inserito nel cerchio di dodici stelle della<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera europea collocata nel suo studio, condotta che costituisce palese violazione del d.P.R. 7 aprile 2000 n.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">121 sulla disciplina d&rsquo;uso delle bandiere della Repubblica italiana e dell&rsquo;Unione europea, il cui art. 9 impone agli<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">enti locali di mantenere le bandiere &laquo;in buono stato&raquo; e di evitare che su di esse o sull&rsquo;asta si applichino &laquo;figure<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">scritte<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">lettere di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">alcun<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">tipo&raquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">102<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Altrimenti,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">quando<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">la<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">fosse<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">sottratta<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">si<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dovrebbe<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">procedere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">per<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">il<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">delitto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">furto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">(art.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">624<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">c.p.),<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">con l&rsquo;aggravante dell&rsquo;esposizione a pubblica fede, prevista dall&rsquo;art. 625, n. 7 c.p.; invece, qualora la bandiera<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">europea fosse distrutta, deteriorata, resa inservibile o imbrattata, il delitto sarebbe quello di danneggiamento, di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">cui all&rsquo;art. 635 c.p., di cose esposte alla pubblica fede indicate nell&rsquo;art. 625, n. 7 c.p., ma con le limitazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">introdotte nell&rsquo;art. 635 c.p. dal D.Lvo. 15 gennaio 2016, n.7 e dal D.L. 14 giugno 2019, n. 53 convertito con<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">modificazioni nella Legge 8 agosto 2019, n. 77. In particolare, la condotta di danneggiamento aggravato deve<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">manifestarsi<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">occasione<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">manifestazioni<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">in<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">luogo<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pubblico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">o<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">aperto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">al<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">pubblico<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">oppure<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">nell&rsquo;atto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">di<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">interrompere<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">servizi pubblici o di pubblica necessit&agrave;. Se chi vilipende la bandiera agisce da solo, in un contesto isolato, in una<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">propriet&agrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">privata,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">&egrave;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">molto<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">difficile che ne<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">risponda penalmente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 0.05pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 3.7pt;\">l&rsquo;impossibilit&agrave; di far valere, come si &egrave; detto, la condizione di reciprocit&agrave; dell&rsquo;art. 300 c.p. rispetto all&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione europea, oltre ad evitare di prevedere la richiesta di procedimento da parte del Ministro per la giustizia, stabilita (con le riserve sopra esposte) per il perseguimento del delitto di offesa a bandiera di Stato estero103.<br \/>\nPer il legislatore c&rsquo;&egrave;, dunque, ampio margine di intervento: basterebbe accompagnarlo ad una giusta dose di realismo. La buona occasione potrebbero essere le elezioni per la X Legislatura del Parlamento europeo, che in Italia si terranno il 9 giugno 2024.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-top: 4pt;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; vertical-align: super;\">103<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\"> L&rsquo;impossibilit&agrave; di assimilare la bandiera europea alla bandiera di Stato estero &egrave; stata pure sostenuta dalla<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">dottrina in Germania prima della menzionata novella al codice penale, intervenuta nel 2020 (F. R<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: #000009;\">EIMER<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Freiheit<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">der<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Meinungs&auml;usserung.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Eine<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Rechtsvergleichende<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009; font-style: italic;\">Perspektive<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">EPRS,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Wissenschaftlicher<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Dienst<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">des<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Europ&auml;ischen<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">Parlaments, Bibliothek der Rechtsvergleichung, PE<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">642.269, Ottobre<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">2019,<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">p.<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt; color: #000009;\">28.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sommario: 1. Considerazioni introduttive e piano del lavoro &ndash; 2. Cenni al regime della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;ordinamento dell&rsquo;Unione. &ndash; 3. La tutela penale della bandiera europea nell&rsquo;ordinamento italiano. &ndash; 4. La vicenda e il giudizio di primo grado dinanzi al Tribunale di Biella. &ndash; 5. La pronuncia della Corte di Cassazione. &ndash; 6. Le ragioni &#8230; <a title=\"La tutela penale della bandiera dell\u2019Unione europea. Considerazioni critiche sulla sentenza n. 30510\/2023 della Corte di Cassazione\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/la-tutela-penale-della-bandiera-dellunione-europea-considerazioni-critiche-sulla-sentenza-n-30510-2023-della-corte-di-cassazione\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur La tutela penale della bandiera dell\u2019Unione europea. Considerazioni critiche sulla sentenza n. 30510\/2023 della Corte di Cassazione\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_ppma_block_editor_authors":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[53],"class_list":["post-5340","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-focus"],"authors":[{"term_id":53,"user_id":14,"is_guest":0,"slug":"curti-gialdino","display_name":"Curti Gialdino","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fe451c0174fec8bd0e43c987d4fedbbc770b1b08c6fff6670ddd53554ca6354d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","author_category":"","first_name":"","last_name":"","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5340","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5340"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17499,"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5340\/revisions\/17499"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5340"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5340"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5340"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ssipseminario.it\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=5340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}